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Final exam A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The primary purpose of the endrocrine system is to | maintain a relatively constant internal environment |
| Target cells | are equipped with specific receptor molecules and may occur in any part of the body |
| Insulin and glucagon exhibit which type of hormone interaction | opposing |
| Prolactin, oxytocin, and estrogen exhibit which type of hormone interaction | synergistic |
| Which of the following organs of the endocrine system secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones | Hypothalamus |
| Which of the following organs of the endocrine system secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine | Thyroid Gland |
| Which of the following organs of the endocrine system secretes several hormones and stores two hormones produced by the hypothalamus | Pituitary Gland |
| Which of the following organs of the endocrine system secretes melatonin | Pineal Glands |
| Which of the following organs of the endocrine system secretes cortisol and aldosterone | Adrenal Glands |
| Steroid hormones are derived from | cholesterol |
| Amine hormones are modified | Amino Acids |
| Steroid hormone include | Estrogens |
| The reason that some individual hormones have so many different effects is that | there are a great many different cells in different tissues that have specific receptors for the hormone |
| Steroid hormones do not require membrane receptors because they | are lipid soluble in the bilayer |
| Second messenger are molecules of | Cyclic AMP |
| Water soluble hormones do not have to be transported by specific protein carrier molecules in the blood. Have no trouble entering the target cells. elicit the production of a second messenger. | cannot be dissolved in lipid |
| Steroid hormones act by | interacting with a target cell's DNA |
| Which hormone allows muscle cells to store glucose | Insulin |
| Which gland could be called the " master gland" because of the extent of its effects on the body | Pituitary |
| The Pituitary gland is controlled by the | Hypothalamus |
| Which is an example of an organ that is nervous in origin, structure and function but secretes substances into the bloodstream | Posterior Pituitary |
| The hypothalamus and pituitary link the activities of the endocrine system and nervous system by | Neurohormones being secreted in response to the summation of neural messages that enter the hypothalamus-sent through the axon |
| Which statement is true about the posterior gland | The posterior pituitary gland only stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus |
| If you were cast upon a desert island with no fresh water to drink, which of the following would increase in your bloodstream to conserve water | Antidiuretic |
| The antidiuretic hormone | controls water balance, the concentration of urea in the urine. Influences blood pressure, changes the permeability of the urine-conducting tubules so that the intestinal fluid increases. |
| Oxytocin has specific effects on the | Uterine wall |
| The control over milk "let down" labor in childbirth and water balance, is mediated by the ____________________ gland. | Posterior Pituitary |
| Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are products of | Neurosecretory cells |
| A drop in blood volume would trigger the body to secrete | Antidiuretic hormones |
| The anterior pituitary secretions produce their effects | on the gonads, in the thyroid glands, on adrenal glands, on mammary glands |
| ACTH | has target cells in the adrenal cortex |
| The pituitary hormone associated mostly directly with metabolic rate plus growth and development is | Tsh |
| The Lutenizing hormone | Stimulate ovulation |
| Prolactin | stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk |
| The growth hormone is called | Somatotropin |
| Which of the following hormones is different from others based upon the extent of its target cells | Somatotropin-growth hormone-all over the body |
| Over secretion of growth hormone in adulthood results in | Acromegaly |
| A serious decrease in production of ADH will lead to | Diabetes insipidus |
| The main symptom of diabetes insipidus is | severe fluid loss |
| The source of norepinephrine is the | adrenal medulla |
| The source of glucocorticoids is the | adrenal cortex; fascicullate |
| The source of atrial natriuretic peptide is the | heart |
| The source of erythropoietin is the | kidney |
| Which hormone prepares and maintains the uterine lining for pregnancy | both estrogen and progesterone |
| Where angiotensin is produced | bloodstream |
| Which is produced by gonads | testosterone, progesterone, androgens |
| A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates | aldosterone |
| Autoimmune disorders or a tumor of the thyroid can lead to | Graves disease |
| Parathyroid hormones is secreted from glands behind the thyroid gland | stimulates osteoclast to digest bone stimulates the absorption of calcium in the kidneys helps activate vitamin D |
| Blood Glucos levels are regulated by | insulin, glucagon and cortisol |
| Name the artery that carries blood from the left ventricle to the body | Aorta |
| What carries the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart | Pulmonary veins |
| What valve prevents blood from glowing back into the ventricle | Atrioventricular |
| Two large veins that drain blood from the upper body and from lower body and empty it into right atrium of the heart are known as the | superior and inferior vena cava |
| Two of the four chambers with powerful muscular contractions that force blood to flow through arteries to all parts of the body | Left and right ventricle |
| One way valves that prevent blood flow in opposite directions (blood should flow from atria to ventricles) | Atria ventricular valves |
| Two of four chambers (left and right) are thin walled structures that collect blood from the major veins and empty it into larger, more muscular ventricles | Right atrium, right ventricles |
| Which vessels carries deoxygenated blood from the heart | the pulmonary artery |
| Where does the right ventricle pump blood to | the lungs |
| Transported in plasma | electrolytes, urea |
| What is it called when plaque builds in the arteries | atherosclerosis |
| What is plasma | the liquid component of blood |
| What kind of signal does the cardiac pacemaker us | electrical |
| Why do arteries have thick walls of smooth muscle | to allow gas exchange |
| What is the function of the blood brain barrier | to protect the brain from toxins |
| What is a thrombus | a blood clot |
| what do the pulmonary veins supply the heart with | oxygenated blood fro the lungs |
| Which component of blood is crucial to clotting | the platelets |
| What shape are red blood cells | Biconcave disks |
| What heart chamber does the vena cava empty into | The right atrium |
| Systolic blood pressure is measured once | the atria are emptied |
| what is a result of improper blood flow in a coronary artery | a stroke |
| the most common vascular disease is | hypertension |
| The bicuspid (mitral) valve is located between the | Left atrium and left ventricle |
| The semilunar valves are located between the | left ventricle and left atrium |
| what occurs during systole | the heart muscle tissue contract |
| If a physician hears to lub sounds instead of one, then which of the following conditions is true | the atrioventricular valves are not closing at the same time |
| The amount of blood each ventricle pumps in a minute is the | cardiac output |
| The pulmonary artery carries blood away from the | right ventricle |
| Blood from the systemic circuit is first received by the heart in the | left atrium |
| which vein collects blood from the head, arms, and chest | Superior vena cava |
| The heart | will contract as a result of stimuli from the sinoatrial node |
| Which of the following has the highest blood pressure | Aorta |
| The diastolic pressure for a normal young adult would be under | 80 mm Hg |
| The systolic pressure for a normal young adult would be under | 120 mm Hg |
| Blood pressure is measured in | millimeters of mercury |
| A major risk factor in developing cardiovascular disease is | obesity, smoking, hypertension, lack of exercise |
| What factor has been implicated as a trigger for the formation of artery blocking pkaques | low blood fats |
| An early sign of plaque formation in coronary arteries is | Angina Pectoris |
| Low density lipoproteins | carry cholesterol and other fats to body cells |
| High density lipoproteins | carry cholesterol to the liver |
| following balloon angioplasty, a small wire cylinder known as a ______ may be inserted to keep artery open | Stent |
| The most dangerous arrhythmia is | ventricular fibrillation |
| Warning signs of heart attack include | pain behind the breastbone pain radiating down the left arm sweating nausea |
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