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Chapter 7- Animal MT
A level Biology Chapter 7 - Haemoglobin, Cardiac cycle
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The blood leaving a muscle has a lower pH than the blood entering it. During vigorous exercise, the fall in pH is even greater. Explain what causes this greater fall in pH. | During aerobic respiration, more CO2 is produced which forms carbonic acid. Forms lactic acid and therefore releases H+ ions. |
| During exercise, the rate of respiration of muscle cells increases. Explain what causes human haemoglobin to unload more oxygen to these cells. | Bohr Shift= Partial pressure on oxygen in muscle falls ; more carbon dioxide produced; lowers PH; increase in temperature; percentage saturation of Hb falls / lowers affinity / increase dissociation; displaces curve to right |
| Explain how the foetal haemoglobin makes it possible for the foetus to take oxygen from the mother’s blood. | Foetal haemoglobin has greater affinity for oxygen; at same pp O2/concentration of oxygen, foetal has higher saturation; maintains diffusion gradient across placenta. Shifts to left. |
| Structure and function of Artery? | Thick wall - To withstand high pressure Muscle to control blood flow Carries blood away from the heart. |
| Structure and function of Vein | Have valves to prevent backflow. |
| Describe how tissue fluid is formed and how it is returned to the circulatory system. | High hydrostatic pressure; Forces water out; Large proteins remain in capillary; Return: Lower water potential in capillary Due to proteins Water enters capillary By osmosis; lymph collects excess fluid returning blood to main circulation |
| What is meant by the term partial pressure? | It is a measure of the concentration of a gas |
| Explain why both the heart and an artery are called organs. | Because they are both made of a group of different tissues carrying out the same function |
| The change to the dissociation curve is one of a number of ways in which the total oxygen supplied to muscles is increased during exercise. Give two other ways in which the total oxygen supplied to muscles during exercise is increased. | Increase heart rate Vasoldilation = higher proportion of blood flows to muscles. |
| Arteries and arterioles take blood away from the heart. Explain how the structures of the walls of arteries and arterioles are related to their functions. [6 marks] | Elastic tissue stretches under pressure when heart beats then recoils; Evens out pressure; Muscle contracts to reduce diameter of lumen; Changes pressure; Epithelium smooth = less resistance |
| The hydrostatic pressure falls from the arteriole end of the capillary to the venule end of the capillary. Explain why. | Loss of water |
| High blood pressure leads to an accumulation of tissue fluid. Explain how. | High blood pressure = high hydrostatic pressure. Increases outward pressure from arterial end of capillary / reduces inward pressure at venule end of capillary; So more tissue fluid formed / less tissue fluid is reabsorbed. |
| The water potential of the blood plasma is more negative at the venule end of the capillary than at the arteriole end of the capillary. Explain why. | Water left the capillary by osmosis; proteins in blood to large to leave capillary; increases conc of blood proteins. |
| Explain how the shape of a red blood cell allows it to take up a large amount of oxygen in a short time. | Large SA to volume ratio for diffusion |
| Explain how blood plasma differs from tissue fluid? | Blood plasma has more larger proteins |
| Explain how the heart causes the formation of tissue fluid? | Ventricle contraction causes high hydrostatic pressure Forces water out by osmosis. |
| Lymphoedema is a swelling in the legs which may be caused by a blockage in the lymphatic system. Suggest how a blockage in the lymphatic system could cause lymphoedema. | Excess tissue fluid cannot be (re)absorbed / builds up |
| Describe how the increase in pressure of the blood in the artery results from the events in the cardiac cycle. | Caused by blood leaving the heart / entering artery; As a result of ventricles contracting / systole; |
| The elastin fibres in the wall of the artery help to smooth out the flow of blood. What happens to these fibres as the pressure of the blood in the artery changes? | Stretch as pressure increases; Recoil / spring back as pressure drops; |
| Give one way in which the structure of the wall of an artery is similar to the structure of the wall of a capillary. | Both have an epithelium / squamous cells; |
| Why does the left ventricle produce a higher pressure than the right one. | Because it has thicker muscle. |
| Haemoglobin is a protein with a quaternary structure. What is meant by a quaternary structure? | Structure resulting from aggregation of several polypeptide chains / tertiary structures |
| Explain how oxygen in a red blood cell is made available for respiration in active tissues. | Low pH ; due to increased CO2 increased respiration; increased dissociation of haemoglobin; Oxygen diffuses from r.b.c. to tissues; |
| Haemoglobin is broken down in the liver. One product of this breakdown is amino acids. Give one use in the body of these amino acids. | Protein synthesis |
Created by:
ksatti12