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AP Gov Unit 9
Public Policy Part 1: Making Public Policy and Military/Foreign Policy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| public policy | a government plan of action to solve a problem that people share collectively, that they cannot solve on their own and that makes up political agenda or issues that people believe require governmental action |
| private policy | nongovernmental policies, adopted by individuals, business or organizations to solve problems and advance individual or group interest |
| Difficulties in solving public policies | - competing ideas about what constitutes a problem - solution is expensive - solutions generate new problems - solutions are complex |
| cost | a burden that people believe that must bear if a policy is enacted |
| benefit | a satisfaction that people believe they will enjoy if a policy is adopted |
| redistributive policy | public policies that transfer resources from one group to another; resources from "haves" to "have nots" |
| goal of redistributive policy | to help the "have nots" in society |
| who promotes (redistributive) | public interest groups |
| who benefits (redistributive) | disadvantaged citizens |
| who pays (redistributive) | middle and upper class taxpayers |
| distributive policy | |
| goal of distributive policy | to meet needs of various groups |
| who promotes (distributive) | legislatures and interest groups |
| who benefits (distributive) | members of interest groups and legisatures |
| who pays (distributive) | all taxpayers |
| regulatory policy | public policies that limit the activities of individuals and corporations; designed to change/ restrict the behavior of certain groups or individuals |
| example of regulatory policy | environmental policy |
| goal of regulatory policy | to protect citizens |
| types of policies | redistributive, distributive and regulaotry |
| steps in policymaking process | agenda setting, formulation, policy adoption, policy implementation, policy evaluation/ cost-benefit analysis |
| foreign policy | country's official positions, practices and procedures for dealing with acts outside its borders |
| two ways of foreign policy thinking | isolationism and interventionism |
| isolationism | view that nations should stay out of internal political alliances |
| interventionism | view that nations should be involved |
| agenda setting | the process of forming the list of issues to be addressed by government |
| policy formulation | the crafting of proposed courses of action to resolve public problems |
| systemic agenda | a set of issues to be discussed or given attention; consists of all public issues viewed as requiring governmental attention |
| governmental (institutional) agenda | problems to which public officials feel obliged to devote active and serious attention |
| types of policy formulation | routine formulation, analogous formulation, creative formulation |
| routine formulation | process of altering existing policy proposals or creating new proposals within an issue area the government has previously addressed |
| analogous formulation | handles new problems by drawing on experience with similar problems in the past or in other jurisdictions |
| creative formulation | involves attempts to develop new or unprecedented proposals that represent a departure from existing practices and that will better resolve a problem |
| various players in policy process | the president, presidential aides, agency officials, specially appointed task forces and commissions, interest groups, private organizations and legislators and their staffs |
| policy adoption | approval of a policy proposal by the people with requisite authority such as legislature or chief executive |
| policy implementation | process of carrying out public policies most of which are implemented by administrative agencies |
| administrative agency techniques | authoritative techniques, incentive techniques, capacity techniques, hortatory techniques |
| authoratative techniques | rests on the notion that peoples actions must be directed or restrained by government enforcement in order to prevent or eliminate activities or products that are unsafe, unfair, evil or immoral |
| incentive techniques | encourages people to act in their own best interest by offering payoffs or financial inducements for compliance with public policies |
| capacity techniques | provide people with information, education, training, or resources that enable them to participate in desired activities |
| hortatory techniques | encourages people to comply with policy by appealing to their better instincts and thereby directing them to act in desired ways |
| policy evaluation | process of determining whether a course of action is achieving its intended goals |
| external influences on foreign policy | other countries, intergovermental orgs, nongovermental orgs, multinational corps, miscellaneous other actors |
| intergovernmental orgs | bodies that have countries as members, UN: 192 member countries, NATO: 26 members from North America from Europe, OPEC, European Union |
| nongovernmental orgs (NGOs) | orgs that focus on specific issues, members are private individuals or groups, examples: Greenpeace, doctors w/o borders, red cross |
| multinat'l corps | large companies that d business in multiple countries, wield tremendous economic power, examples: nike, general motors |
| non state actors | not directly associated, examples: Palestinians (have gov but no territory) and terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda ( no nat'l ties) |
| cold war | 1/2 century competition and conflict after WWII b/w US and Soviet Union |
| containment | US Cold War policies of preventing the spread of communism "iron curtain", "evil empire" |
| post Cold War era | 9/11, "war on terror", bush doctrine: policy that supports preemptive attacks as a legitimate tactic in the US war on state sponsored terrorism, war in Afghanistan and Iraq |
| types of foreign policy | crisis policy, strategic policy, structural defense policy |
| crisis policy | emergency threats to our nat'l interest or values, situations are surprises, often w/ use of force implications, example: response to 9/11, principal actors: president advisers |
| strategic policy | basic US stance toward another country/problem, "containment strategy", principal actors" executive branch, congress may try to lobby executive |
| structural defnse policy | focuses on defense spending and military bases, buying new aircrafts, whether or not to open/close military bases, principal actors: usually developed in Congress w/impact from Pentagon, defense contractors, interest groips |
| who makes foreign polic | president, executive branch, congress |
| president roles involving foreign policy | head of state, commander in chief, chief diplomat, chief legislator, chief executive |
| presidential foreign policy obstacles | trying to get reelected, other foreign policy makers, media and public opinion |
| executive branch | nat'l security council: advises president on matters of foreign policy, created in 1947 by nat'l security act, nat'l security adviser has power to influence foreign policy |
| members of executive branch | president, vp, secretary of state, secretary of defense, director nat'l intelligence, chair of the joint chiefs of staff |
| department of state | manages foreign affairs, 1st dept established by constitution, 3 main roles: ( maintains diplomatic and unusual posts, send delegates and missions to a variety of internet's org meetings and negotiate treaties and executive agreements) |
| department of defense | manages the country's military personnel, equipment and separations, operations out of Pentagon, headed by secretary of defnse |
| joint chiefs of staff | senior military officers from 4 branches of the US armed forces, advises the secretary of defense, chair is selected by the president, chair is primary military adviser to the pres |
| intelligence community | agencies and bureaus responsible for obtaining and interpreting info for the govt |
| central intelligence agency (CIA) | org that oversees foreign intelligence gathering and related classified activities |
| nat'l security admin | responsible for code breaking and monitoring communications w/sophisticated satellites |
| director of nat'l intelligance | overseer and coordinator of intelligence activites |
| department of homeland security | executive dept meant to provide a unifying force in the effects of the gov to prevent attacks on US |
| congress | power to ratify treats, declare war, appropriate $, confirm appointments; limited in what it can do since its ore oriented toward domestic than foreign affairds |
| hegemonic power | dominant actor in world politics |
| internationlism | since WWI US has played active role in foreign affairs benefits: can offer the courses of others in way that is advantageous for US costs: drains attention and resources from domestic policy; some fell US involvement often creates worse result |
| moral statements | try and define particular actions as right or wrong |
| 3 basic goals of the U.S | defending the homeland (security), encouraging economic growth (economic), supporting democracy in the world (political) |
| anarchy | theory of politics saying there should be no laws |
| power | militaristic force |
| free trade | countries exchange goods w/ no limitations |
| protectionsim | imposition of trade barriers to make trading conditions favorable to domestic producers |
| internat'l monitory fund (IMF) | makes small and short loans to balance flow of currency |
| world bank | large loans with long repayment terms |
| general agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) | agreements on internat'l trading terms (new world trade org) |
| terms of trade | relative level of the prices a country receives for its exports compared to imports |
| public opinion | can limit drastic changes in foreign policy, Americans might reject as policy if the cost of human lives are high, changes can bring change to foreign policy |
| media change | all sources over foreign policy but they are limited by $ |
| two-way street of influnce | gov't influences media by what it "leaks", media can create foreign policy issues by raising the public's attention to an issue |
| interest groups | groups lobby on behalf of there individuals w/a common interest |
| "carrots and sticks" | can each be used as inducements/ rewards and as threats or punishments, political instruments, diplomacy, convert political operations |
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laurynt1