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Chapter 3
Thernodynamics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Energy | capacity to do work |
| What is a state function? | property whose value does not depend on the path taken to reach that specific value |
| State Function Example | Mountain trail vs. train |
| Not sure if it's a state function? | Do I care how I got the final value ; if no then it's a state function |
| State Change | the change in value between the final and starting position |
| The sentence to remember the 10 state functions | Many people deserve entertaining tele-vision, everyone enjoys great comedies |
| Enthalpy | energy transfer in physical and chemical processes |
| Enthalpy Change | the measure of energy during a chemical reaction |
| What kind of energy is present in chemical bonds of molecules | potential energy |
| What is temperature | a measure of random motion of particles |
| What is Heat? | transfer of energy between 2 objects due to temperature difference |
| Enthalpy Change | amount of heat given off or absorbed |
| What can be said if the PE of products is lower than the reactants | energy given off, exothermic |
| If PE of products is higher than reactants then reaction is | endothermic energy is needed |
| Calculate Enthalpy delta H | (sum of enthalpies of products)-(sum of enthalpies of reactants) if neg then exothermic, if pos. endothermic |
| What is a thermal chemical equation | special type of chemical equation that shows enthalpy change going from reactants to products |
| 1 calorie = ? Joules | 4.184 J=1 calorie |
| SI Unit for Heat | Joule |
| Calorie | Amt of energy (heat) needed to raise temperature of 1 gram of water 1 deg. C |
| Calorimeter | a device used to experimentally determine heat associated with a chemical reaction |
| Calorimetry | The science of measuring heat transfer when a substance absorbs or releases energy |
| Amt of heat energy needed to change temperature of a substance depends on three things | amt of substance, amt of temp change, ID of substance (chemical composition) |
| Specific Heat Capacity | amount of energy required to change temp of 1 gram of a substance by 1 deg C |
| Units for Specific Heat | Joule/g-deg C |
| Equation to calculate heat or energy of a reaction (Q) | Q=SmdeltaT S= specific heat (J/g degC), m mass in grams Delta T temp in C |
| 2 types of calorimeters | bomb-food burned-heat transfered to water surrounding the burn chamber Q=SmdeltaT 2. coffee cup-chem rxn takes place in insulated styrofoam cup, heat transfered to outside cup same formula |
| What happens the the energy you gat from the food you eat if it isn't all used up? | turns to fat |
| Entrophy (S) | measurement of the randomness or disorder in a system |
| Spontaneous Reaction | process that occurs by itself w/out any outside work |
| Silly Little Goats | Entropy increases with the order of phases: solid (lowest)-liquid-gas (highest) |
| What does heating do to the entropy of the substance | increases it |
| How do moles of a gas affect entropy (S) | more moles yields higher entropy |
| How do you calculate entropy change deltaS | delta S= S(final)-S(initial) |
| Spontaneity of a process is affected by... | temperature |
| Gibbs Free Energy G | amount of total energy change that is available or free to do useful work G=H-TS |
| What kind of reaction if delta G is negative | spontaneous reaction, we can get energy out |
| What kind of reaction if delta G is positive | Non spontaneous reaction |
| What can we say about a boulder as it related to the calculate delta G | neg=boulder going down hill positive, no way the boulder goes up the hill |
| Gibbs (Free) Energy as it relates to what we eat | amt. of energy left over after chem rxn has taken place; excess energy stored as fat |
| Spontaneity | direction a reaction will take w/out outside interference |
| Enthalpy (H) | how much energy released or absorbed during a chemical reaction |
| Green Eagles Hit Moaning TV's Suddenly | delta G= delta H- (T)(deltaS) neg H heat released, exo; pos H heat absorbed, endo |
| ? A Battery | electrochemical cell- converts chemical energy to electrical energy |
| Galvanic Cell | a spontaneous chemical reaction produces electrical energy |
| What is another name for a galvanic cell? | voltaic cell |
| What kind of reaction is taking place in a galvanic cell? | ReDox reaction oxidation electrons lost, anode; reduction electrons gained, cathode |
| what is the cell potential energy, E | measure of the spontaneity of the reaction; different 1/2 cells produce different voltages |
| The larger the cell potential the more _____ we get out of the cell | work |
| Relationship of Potential Energy (E) and Gibbs Energy (G) used to measure spontaneity of a reaction | delta G = -nFE : G standard free energy for the reaction at standard conditions; E standard voltage or cell potential energy for the rxn n=#moles electrons transferred F=96,500J/molV |
| delta G & E have opposite signs | spontaneous reaction neg G and + cell potential energy |
| Temperature | amount of kinetic energy in a substance |
| Heat | amount of energy in a substane |
| Specific Heat Energy = | Heat Energy / (m)(delta T) Specific Heat of water = 1 calorie |
| Why don't large bodies of water not have large temperature changes? | water can absorb a lot of heat w/out much temperature change (high specific heat) |
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics aka... | Law of Entropy: total energy=useable (free energy) + unusable energy |
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | not all energy can be used as kenetic energy decreases heat lost due to friction is increasing |
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics | aka Law of the Conservation of Energy Energy can not be created or destroyed |
| What does the direction an electric field depend on? | direction always points in the direction a positive particale would move within the field pos-repel;neg-attract |
Created by:
roisinmac19
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