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2 midterm mem
ch. 18-19, 22-24
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pulmonary ventilation is normally accomplished by | breathing |
| The most superior portion of the pharynx is | nasopharynx |
| Which of the following characteristics does NOT apply to the tissue that lines the trachea? | epithelial, columnar, pseudostratified |
| Which of the following forms the Adam's apple? | thyroid cartilage |
| between the layers of the membrane covering the lungs | the pleural space is located |
| which structure is reinforced by rings of cartilage | trachea |
| Which of the following represents the amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs by maximum exhalation following maximum inhalation? | vital capacity |
| the process that involves the neck and abdominal muscles is | forceful exhalation |
| Which of the following describes what occurs in the lungs? | oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli |
| How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood? | bicarbonate ion |
| Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood by | diffusion |
| The relative amount of each gas in a mixture is indicated | partial pressure |
| Carbon monoxide acts as a poison by | takes the spot on the heme of the hemoglobin |
| The approximate percentage of carbon dioxide carried in solution in the blood is | 10% |
| the peripheral chemoreceptors that regulate breathing are located in the | carotid artery and aorta |
| orthopnea means | a breathing difficulty that is relieved by sitting uptight |
| Which of the following breathing patterns would result in the greatest increase in blood acidity? | apnea |
| deficiency of oxygen in the blood | hypoxemia |
| which of the flowing is an upper respiratory infection? | acute coryza |
| the fluid that accumulates in the alveoli of patients with pneumonia is called | exudate |
| which of the following is NOT associated with an allergic response? | acute coryza |
| the C in COPD stands for | chronic |
| Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with COPD? | dyspnea |
| in cases of pneumothorax, air accumulates in the | pleural space |
| air or fluid can be removed from the pleural space by | thoracentesis |
| which of the following refers to an incision into the trachea? | tracheotomy |
| which of the following can trigger attacks of asthma? | any of the above : infection, allergies, exercise |
| the word root spir/o means | breathing |
| Which of the following is the correct order of tissue from the outermost to the innermost layer in the wall of the digestive tract? | serous membrane, smooth muscle, sub mucosa, mucosa |
| which of the following is NOT subdivision of the peritoneum? | endothelium ( the ones that are the partial and visceral peritoneum) |
| the lesser omentum is located between the | stomach and liver |
| the portion of the peritoneum that is attached to the small intestine is the ` | mesentery |
| the normal number of cuspids in the adult mouth is | 4 |
| the hardest substance is found in a tooth is | enamel |
| the muscular is of the stomach is unusual in that it | it consists of three layers |
| the organ that receives food flowing through the pyloric sphincter is the | duodenum |
| the vermiform appendix is attached to the | cecum |
| the layer of the digestive tract wall that forms the teniae coli is the | the smooth muscle layer |
| the portion of the large intestine that empties into the rectum is | sigmoid colon |
| the salivary glands under the tongue are called | sublingual glands |
| the waste product of protein metabolism that is synthesized in the liver is | urea |
| which of the following leads to production of bilirubin when destroyed? | red blood cells |
| when highly acidic chyme arrives in the duodenum, which substance will neutralize the acidity? | bicarbonate |
| which of the following functions is accomplished by bile? | emulsification of fats |
| what is formed by the merger of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct? | common bile duct |
| the cystic duct drains the | gallbladder |
| which of the following substances is a protease? | trypsin |
| which of the following enzymes is NOT synthesized by the pancreas? | pepsin |
| the organ that produces a protein-digesting enzyme activated by hydrochloric acid (HCl) is the | stomach |
| Your dog has just consumed a large pat of butter. Most of the nutrients in the butter will be absorbed in the form of | glycerol and fatty acids |
| You are eating a mixed meal consisting of protein, carbohydrate, and fat. The nutrient type that will be absorbed into the lacteals is | fat |
| most nutrients are absorbed in the | small intestine |
| which of the following are folds in the plasma membrane of intestinal cells? | microvilla |
| the division of the autonomic nervous system that inhibits digestion is the | sympathetic nervous system |
| which of the following hormones acts of the pancreas? | gastric-inhibitor peptide, cholesystokinin, secretin |
| the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin are produced in the | duodenum |
| which of the following is a hormone involved in weight control | leptin |
| the hormone gherlin acts to | stimulate hunger |
| caries is the scientific name for | tooth decay |
| which of the following describes the viral disease mumps | parotitis |
| the term that describes the formation of stones in the gallbladder | cholelithiasis |
| the often most commonly involved in cirrhosis is the | liver |
| a specialist who studies and treats the terminal portion of digestive tract is a | proctologist |
| Dr. W has discovered a new hormone. His name for the hormone, enteromodulin, indicates that it is synthesized in the | intestine |
| the term retroperitoneal means | behind the peritoneum |
| the outer portion of the kidney is called the | renal cortex |
| Which system excretes the largest volume of water? | urinary system |
| Which of the following is NOT eliminated through the skin? | carbon dioxide |
| Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys? | storage of fat |
| Which of the following best represents the path of a blood cell as it passes through the kidney? | glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, renal vein |
| Which of the following structures is found in the renal medulla? | nephron loop |
| which of the following structures is NOT part of the nephron? | peritubular capillaries |
| the part of the nephron that drains into the nephron loop is the | proximal tubule |
| the kidney can move hydrogen ions from the blood into the nephron by the process of | tubular secretion |
| the force that drive materials out of the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule is | blood pressure |
| which structure reabsorbs substances from the distal tubule? | peritubular capillaries, hydrostatic pressure |
| Antidiuretic hormone increases | increases water reabsorption in collecting duct |
| Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located? | at the point where the distal tubule makes contact with the afferent arteriole |
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus synthesizes | renin |
| The average daily urine output is | 1-1.5 liters |
| The system involved in micturition is the | urinary system |
| Which of the following is a normal constituent of urine? | urea |
| The term for the presence of white blood cells in the urine is | pyuria |
| The method that employs shock waves to shatter kidney stones is | lithotripsy |
| The term for inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney is | pyelonephritis |
| Which of the following can result in renal failure? | hydronephritis, polycystic kidney, acute glomerulonephritis |
| kidney damage is indicated by urinary presence of | albumin |
| which of the following is NOT a symptom of chronic renal failure | enuresis |
| Which of the following applies to peritoneal dialysis? | it uses a natural membrane |
| Which urinary structure is affected by an enlarged prostate gland? | urethra |
| The term that describes tissue enlargement is | hypertrophy |
| The organ removed in a nephrectomy is the | kidney |
| The word part cyst/o means | sac |
| The prefixes dia- and trans- mean | through |
| The substance secreted by interstitial cells of the testis is | testosterone |
| The coiled tube on the testis that stores spermatozoa is named | epididymis |
| The structure that forms the glans penis is the | corpus spongiosum |
| The prepuce is NOT present in individuals who have undergone | circumcisions |
| Which of the following structures contributes the most liquid to the semen? | seminal vesicles |
| Which of the following statements is NOT true of semen? | it is acidic |
| The head of the spermatozoon contains large amounts of | DNA |
| The structure that contains an acrosome is | head of the spermatozoon |
| The event that is stimulated by testosterone is | the development of the spermatozoa |
| Increased activity of interstitial cells results in | decreased luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion |
| The ligament that holds the ovary in place is the | broad ligament |
| What fold of membrane is sometimes found near the vaginal opening? | hymen |
| Which of the following gland(s) is found in women? | greater vestibular glands |
| The structure that contains the labia and clitoris is the | vulva |
| The uterine proliferative phase occurs during | follicular phase, preovulatory phase |
| Progesterone levels are highest during | secretory phase |
| High levels of progesterone result in | decreased levels of lutenizing hormone |
| high levels of estrogen results in | all of the answers are correct |
| Menopause occurs when | the aging ovary no longer produces mature follicles |
| Menses results from a(n) | decline in estrogen and progesterone |
| Which of the following birth control methods affects gametogenesis? | birth control patch/ hormonal patch |
| The sexually transmitted infection that is caused by a spirochete is | syphilis |
| The sexually transmitted infection that is caused by a spirochete is | fibroids |
| Cryptorchidism is | an undescended testis/ testis remain in the abdomen |
| A Pap smear tests for cancer of | cervix of the uterus |
| Based on your knowledge of word parts, what does mastitis mean? | inflammation of the breast |
| endometriosis is | growth of uterine tissue outside the uterus |
| The average length of gestation is | 38 weeks |
| The structure the fertilized egg normally attaches to is the | endometrium |
| The normal chromosome number of a human zygote is | 46 |
| After implantation, the fertilized egg is known as a(n) | embryo |
| The hormone produced by embryonic cells that maintains the corpus luteum is | hCG human chorionic gonadaltropin |
| The vessels that are contained in the umbilical cord are | 1 vein, 2 arteries |
| The hormone secreted by the placenta is | estrogen, progesterone, relaxin |
| The hormone that directly stimulates uterine enlargement during pregnancy is | estrogen |
| The fetal heartbeat first appears during the | 4th week |
| Which of the following maternal changes is NOT normally associated with pregnancy? | these are included: increased respiration, HR, and constipation |
| The technique most commonly used to follow fetal development and determine the position of the placenta is | ultrasound |
| An important factor in the initiation of labor is a(n) | increased prostaglandins |
| Labor can be artificially initiated by the administration of | oxytocin |
| one egg by one spermatozoa | identical twins |
| Pregnancy hormones that prepare the breast for lactation include | prolactin, human corionic mamosomatotropin, progesterone |
| The structure that secretes colostrum is the | mammary glands |
| The placenta is attached near the cervix in cases of | placenta previa |
| An example of a malignant tumor of placental tissue is | choriocarnioma |
| When is the placenta normally expelled from the uterus during labor? ` | 3rd stage |
| Labor has officially begun when | contractions begin |
| Parturition is officially complete when ` | bleeding is controlled |
| Parturition is officially complete when | viable |
| Based on your knowledge of word parts, tocography is a recording made during | birth |
| -38-week period of development -a fertilized egg divides repeatedly and the cells differentiate | gestation |
| deals with the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and 6 weeks after childbirth | obstetrics |
| -vagina receives semen -enzymes from acrosomes on the sperm heads dissolve the coating around the ovum so the PMs on the ovum and sperm can fuse -nuclei of the sperm and egg combine* | fertilization |
| -has the full human chrom number of 46 | zygote |
| -zygote cell cluster... zygote divides rapidly into two cells and then four cells and soon forms a ball of identical cells | morula |
| -hollow structure that developed from the morula -forms before reaching the uterus -burrows into the uterine lining and is implanted and covered | blastocyst |
| -the group of cells within the blastocyst that forms into an embryo after implantation | inner cell mass |
| -the developing offspring in the early stages of gestation -first 8 weeks -beginnings of body systems are established: heart & brain, primitive nervous system in week 3,Heart and BVs in week 2, limb buds at 1 month, human-like appearance ending month 2 | embryo |
| -the blastocyst cells that are not inner cell mass -differentiate into tissue that will support the fetus | trophoblasts |
| -3rd month of gestation until birth -females have all the oocytes that will develop into ova (eggs) -Genitalia at month 4 | fetus |
| -nourishes -respiration -excretion for developing offspring -flat, circular organ that consists of a spongy network of blood-filled sinuses and capillary-containing villi | placenta |
| -the maternal portion of the placenta -well-vascularized internal portion of the endometrium | decidua |
| -the embryonic portion of the placenta -derived from trophoblasts -forms chorionic villi, which make a network of venuous sinuses filled with maternal blood | chorion |
| -connects the embryo to the developing placenta -formed from a stalk of tissue -carries blood to and from embryo and fetus | umbilical cord |
| -carries O2 rich blood to the fetus -a small amount blood is delivered directly to the liver -most goes to the O2 poor blood in the inferior vena cava via ductus venosus | umbilical vein |
| -a hole that allows blood in the fetus to go from the right atrium to the left atrium | foramen ovale |
| connects pulmonary artery to descending aorta, bypassing the lungs | ductus arteriosus |
| -2 -return blood to placenta for oxygenation | umbilical arteries |
| stimulates growth of the ovarian corpus luteum -is used as an indicator of pregnancy | human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
| continues to grow and produce increasing amounts of progesterone and estrogen for about 11 or 12 weeks post-fertilization, at which point it degenerates | corpus lutem |
| usually occurs as hormone secretion shifts from the corpus luteum to the placenta | miscarriage |
| -secreted by the placenta during pregnancy -stimulates the growth of the breasts to prep the mother for lactation -increases glucose availability for the fetus | human placental lactogen |
| baby delivered before 37 weeks of gestation | Preterm |
| premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall | Abruptio placenta |
| relaxes the symphysis pubis and helps dilate the uterine cervix near the end of pregnancy | Relaxin |
| Twins who come from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm Fetus has its own amniotic sac and placenta | Fraternal twins |
| Arises from the union of abnormal gametes or fertilization of an ovum with two speed cells Results is a benign overgrowth of placental tissue in which placenta dilated and resembles grape-like cysts | Hydatidiform mole |
| test given to a newborn, designed to quickly evaluate a newborn's physical condition | APGAR score |
| -placental hormone that softens the cervix and relaxes the sacral joints and the pubic symphysis | Relaxin |
| -4 fmall swellings -develop into the 4 extremities -by the end of month 1 | Limb buds |
| -filled with amniotic fluid, which surrounds the fetus and serves as a protective cushion for it -ruptures at birth | Amniotic sac |
| -cheesy varnish -layer of material that protects the fetal skin during development | Vernix caseosa |
| -the image is called a sonogram -a transducer converts the sound waves into electrical energy -can diagnose pregnancy, judge fetal age, and determine the location of the placenta -show presence of excess amniotic fluid and fetal abnormalities | Ultrasound |
| uterine muscle stretching stimulates prostaglandins which promote contractions, pressure on cervix stimulates posterior pituitary 2 release oxytocin, Placental changes, Fetal cortisol inhibits mother's progesterone,(+) of estrogen relative to progesterone | Factors that start labor |
| intensifies a response -activity continues until resources are exhausted, the stimulus is removed, or interruption by outside activity | Positive feedback |
| cervical stretching stimulates the pituitary to release ______ -contractions are stimulated -stimulates milk letdown | Oxytocin |
| -to prevent tissues of the pelvic floor from being torn -cut of the mother's perineum -the area between the vagina and the anus that is cut is the surgical or obstetrical perineum | Episiotomy |
| -incision in the abdominal wall and uterine wall for fetal delivery -May be required for: placental abnormality, abnormal fetal proportion, disproportion b/t the head of the fetus and mother's pelvis | Cesarean section |
| miscarriage, occurs naturally, can happen from chromosomal abnormality, luteal phase insufficiency, there is inadequate progesterone, abnormality in the mother's repro. organs ex: fibroids, acute maternal infection, chronic disorders: diabetes, kidney dis | Spontaneous abortion |
| -deliberate interruption of pregnancy | Induced abortion |
| -performed by a physician as a treatment -Has reduced incidence of death related to illegal abortion | Therapeutic abortion |
| -loss of the fetus after week 20 of pregnancy -can indicate infection or interference with the fetal blood supply by cord ocmpression or placental dysfunction | Fetal death |
| -contained in the female breasts -associated organs of the repro. system -lobes composed of glandular tissue and fat -secretions conveyed thru lactiferous ducts -positive feedback | Mammary glands |
| -the first mammary gland secretion -nutritious | Colostrum |
| -a pregnancy that develops in a location outside the uterine cavity | Ectopic |
| -in the uterine tube -common in women with scarred uterine tubes from pelvic inflammatory disease or in women using an IUD for birth control | Tubal ectopic pregnancy |
| -the placenta is attached at or near the itnernal opening of the cervix -dilation of the cervix in late pregnancy causes part of the placenta to separate from the rest, causing bleeding and interference with fetal O2 supply | Placenta previa |
| the placenta attaches to the myometrium if the endometrium doesn't develop properly -placenta detaches improperly, causing potentially fatal postnatal bleeding | Placenta accreta |
| -malignant tumor composed of placental tissue -may be fatal w/in 2-12 months | Choriocarcinoma |
| -is first diagnosed during pregnancy, often causes no symptoms but may be associated w/ increased thirst, urination, infection, weight loss -Blood glucose levels usually return 2 normal after childbirth, though some go on to develop type 2 diabetes later, | Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) |
| infection related to childbirth | Peuperal infection |
| -follows within a year of childbirth -may include excessive concern with the baby's health or thoughts of harming the baby -mood swings | Postpartum depression |
| -radiographic study of the breast | Mammogram |
| -a precancerous condition that originates in the milk ducts of the breast -has cancer cells that have not penetrated the duct walls or spread to other locations | Ductal carcinoma in situ |
| -removal of the entire breast and dissection of the lymph nodes in the armpit | Modified radical mastectomy |
| -cell division that forms gametes -reduces the chrom number from 46 to 23 | Meiosis |
| -coiled tube that receives spermatozoa from the testes -temporarily stores sperm cells until they are motile -extends upward to the vas deferens | Epididymis |
| aka vas deferens -loops over the pubic bone and curves behind the urinary bladder -widens to form an ampulla before goining the seminal vesicle | Ductus deferans |
| Ampulla | Dilation |
| Male accessory organs | Epididymis, vas deferans, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct |
| mixture of sperm cells and various secretions that is expelled form the body, alkaline, nourishes & transports spermatozoa -neutralizes the acidity of male urethra & female vaginal tract -lubrication during intercource -prevents infection w/ enzymes & ant | Sperm |
| -located at the posterior of the urinary bladder -produces alkaline secretion with simple sugar -provides nourishment to sperm -makes up most of semen's volume | Seminal vesicle |
| -inferior to the urinary bladder -ducts carry prostatic secretion into the urethra -alkaline secretion neutralizes vaginal acidity and enhances sperm motility -muscles here contract to expel semen | Prostate gland |
| -aka cowper glands -in hte pelvic floor, inferior to the prostate -secrete mucus to lubricate the urethra and penis tip | Bulbourethral glands |
| -make semen ejection possible -stiffening and enlargement of the penis thru which the major portion of the urethra extends -Blood spaces fill and distend | Erection |
| Body of the penis tissue | Corpus |
| -ventrally located -contains the urethra -enlarges to form the glans penis, which is covered bythe prepuce skin | Corpus spongiosum |
| on either side of the corpus | Corpus cavernosum |
| Develop from tissue in the kidneys | Testes |
| -sac that contains the testes -has the epididymis and the proximal portion of the ductus deferens | Scrotum |
| path that testes take after birth -in the abdominal wall | Inguinal canal |
| -from which the testis is suspended -extends thru the inguinal canal -contains BVs, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and the ductus deferens | Spermatic cord |
| -in most of the testes' specialized tissues -cells here develop into spermatozoa, aided by sustentacular cells -Manufacture spermatozoa | Siminiferious tubules |
| -nurse cells/ sertoli cells -nourish and protect the developing gametes -secrete | Sustentacular cells |
| -secrete testosterone -located b/t the seminiferous tubules -aka Leydig cels | Interstitial cells |
| -stimulates the sustentacular cells to produce growth factors that promote the formation of spermatozoa | FSH |
| -stimulates interstitial cells b/t the seminiferous tubules to produce testosterone for sperm cell development | LH in male reproduction |
| -secretes GnRH, which triggers the release of FSH and LH -regulated by negative feedback involving testosterone | The role of the hypothalamus in sex hormones |
| -nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate -can put pressure on the urethra, making it difficult to urinate | BPH |
| -failure of the testis to descend into the scrotum -causes infertility -subject to tumor formation | cryptorchidism |
| -failure of the testis to descend into the scrotum -causes infertility -subject to tumor formation | testicular torision |
| -rupture -abnormal protrusion of an organ or part thru the wall of the cavity in which it is contained | hernia |
| -when a congenital weakness in the abdominal wall allows a portion of the small intestine to pass thru the inguinal canal into the scrotum -can be from excessive pressure in the abdominal cavity | inguinal hernia |
| -tightness of the foreskin | phimosis |
| -inflammation of the prostate gland -from infection or autoimmune disorders or injury | prostatitis |
| -from a congenital malformation in the urinary tract -inflammation of the epididymis | epididymitis |
| -infl of the testis -from the spread of infectious agents from the epididymis or prostate to the seminiferous tubules -can cause infertility if during or after puberty | orchitis |
| -shows in males by urethral discharge, burning -can cause orchitis -can cause infertility if on both sides of the scrotum -usual chlamydial or gonorrheal | sexually transmitted infections (STIs) |
| -caused by a virus -causes fluid-filled blisters on and around the genitalia | genital herpes |
| -systemic disorder -ulcers form this can increase chances of infection with AIDS -from a spirochete | syphilis |
| -most common cancer of males int he US -risk from age, race, heredity, environment, diet high in fat -treatd with radiation, surgery, hormone treatments | prostatic cancer |
| reproductive accessory organs of females | uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, greater vestibular glands, vulva, breasts |
| -where the fetus develops -b/t urinary bladder and pelvic floor b.t the bladder and rectum | uterus |
| narrower region of the uterus -neck | cervix |
| small rounded region above the level of the tubule entrances | fundus |
| -folds of the peritoneum support the uterus -extend from each side to the lateral body wall | broad ligaments |
| -the muscular wall of the uterus | myometrium |
| -the lining of the uterus -specialized epithelium -contained in menstrual flow | endometrium |
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