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HISTOPATHOLOGY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Major ingredient in all CT | COLLAGEN |
| stain for simplest differentiation of collagen | VAN GEISON'S STAIN |
| deposits after enzymatic coagulation of plasma proteins | FIBRIN |
| stains used for demo. of fibrin | Mallory's PTAH Lendrum's MSB |
| degenerated collagen | Hyalin |
| stain best for hyalin | PAS |
| CT from TB, leprosy and osteomyelitis | AMYLOID |
| Gold standard for amyloid demo. | CONGO RED |
| Father of exfoliative cytology | George Papanicolau |
| Father of cellular pathology | Rudolf Virchow |
| Father of modern anatomical pathology | Gervani Batista Morgane |
| acute inflammation or | Exudative Inflammation |
| Charac. for Acute Inflammation | vascular and exudative predominant PMN's |
| represents an intergrade between acute and chronic inflammation | Subchronic inflammation |
| charac. for chronic inflammation | vascular and fibroblastic predominant mononuclears |
| inflammation from secretions from mesothelial cells | serous inflammation |
| inflammation based on amount of fibrinogen | Fibrinous inflammation |
| inflammation from hypersecretion of mucosa | catarrhal inflammation |
| inflammation from mixture of blood and other exudates | Hemorrhagic inflammation |
| inflammation with high amount of pus | suppurative or purulent inflammation |
| organ or tissue smaller than normal | retrogressive changes |
| incomplete or defective development of a tissue or organ | APLASIA (common in one paired structures) |
| non appearance of organ | Agenesia |
| failure of organ to reach full or mature size | Hypoplasia |
| failure of organ to form an opening | Atresia |
| decrease in size of normally mature tissue or organ | Atrophy |
| organ or tissue larger than normal | Progressive changes |
| tissue size increases because of increase size of individual cell | Hypertrophy |
| tissue size increase because of increase in the number of cells making up the tissue | Hyperplasia |
| reversible change involving transformation | Metaplasia (trachea of chronic smokers) |
| atypical hyperplasia and reversible change of transformation involvement | Dysplasia |
| usually used as a criterion toward malignancy | Anaplasia ( death differentiation or non reversible) |
| continuous abnormal proliferation of cells without control | Neoplasia (tumor formation) |
| neoplasm or | tumor |
| develop by UICC applicable to all forms of neoplasia | TNM System of Cancer Staging |
| part of tumor containing active elements or tumor cells | parenchyma |
| part of the tumor that has the CT framework ( holds the tumor) | Stroma |
| histologic charac. of medullary tumor | parenchyma > stroma |
| histologic charac. of scirrhous tumor | stroma > parenchyma |
| type of tumor that is not generally produce death | Benign ("oma") - not always |
| type of tumor that generally produce death | malignant (sarcoma or carcinoma) |
| estimates the aggressiveness or level of malignancy based on cytologic difference of tumor cells and the number of mitosis in the tumor | Grading |
| True or False Well differentiated tumors as a rule are less malignant than undifferentiated tumors | True |
| differentiated cells resembles | N cells |
| undifferentiated cells resembles | younger forms of cells |
| classification that is used by physician as a guide or treatment | Broder's classification |
| low grade tumor is amendable to | surgery |
| high grade tumor is amendable to | radiation |
| based on the size of the primary lesion and extent or spread to regional lymph nodes and presence or absence of metastases | Staging |
| spread of cancer cells to distant part of the body | Metastases |
| 2 major agencies for staging malignant disease | UICC AJCS - (stage 1,2,3 or 4) |
| T in the TNM system indicates | size of the primary tumor increasing size (T1 to T4) |
| N in the TNM system indicates | regional lymph NODE involvement (N0 to N3) progressive nodal disease |
| M in the TNM system indicates | METASTASES (M0 to M1) distant metastases |
| compound tumors or monstrous tumors | TERATOMAS |
| programmed cell death | Apoptosis |
| physiological death of cell | Necrobiosis |
| pathologic death of cell | Necrosis |
| common type of necrosis stone formation (spleen, heart, lungs, kidneys) | Coagulation |
| colliquative necrosis pus formation (brain or spinal cord) | Liquefaction |
| casseation necrosis "cheesy masses" seen in TB infection, syphilis, tularemia and LYMPHOGRANULOMAINGRONATE | Caseous |
| combination of liquefaction and coagulation necrosis | Gangrenous |
| necrosis caused by leakage of lipase chalky white ppts | Fat necrosis |
| type of gangrene that cause arterial blockage | Dry gangrene |
| gangrene that causes venous blockage | Wet gangrene |
| first demonstrable change observe after somatic death | Algor Mortis (7°F/hr) |
| stiffening of skeletal muscles after somatic death | Rigor mortis |
| organs to first undergo Rigor mortis | head and neck muscles |
| post mortem lividity/ post mortem sugillations/ purplish discoloration/ lividity of skin | Livor mortis |
| fixative for fluid specimen (all types of effusion) | 50% alcohol |
| 50% alcohol and 2% carbowax | Saccomano's fixative |
| fixative for smears | equal parts of 95% ethanol ether |
| most common fixative for smears | 95% ethanol |
| alveolar macrophages or | dust cells |
| performed in AIDS patient to rule out P. carinni or P. jeroveci | BAL |
| dark pyknotic nuclei with true acidophilia (under estrogen influence) | Mature superficial cells/ superficial cell |
| medium sized polyhedral or elongated cells basophilic cytoplasm showing vacuoles | Intermediate cells |
| intermediate cells with boat shape appearance | Navicular cells |
| boat shaped intermediate cells with translucent basophilic cytoplasm double walled boundary appearance | Pregnancy cells |
| smaller than intermediate cells fried fresh eggs with sunny side up | parabasal cells |
| similar to parabasal cells in groups of 3 or more cells | endometrial cells |
| finely vacuolated fine granular chromatin nuclei honeycomb appearance | Endocervical glandular cells |
| slightly oval cells large nuclei (occupying more than half of cell) | basal cells |
| normal flora gram + slender rod shape | Doderlein bacillus |
| wrinkled prune appearance | koilocytes |
| palm leaf pattern diagnosis of early pregnancy | Ferning |
| ideal time of fixation | within 20 to 30mins |
| routine turn over of surgical pathology and cytology results | 24hrs |
| frozen section turnover over results | 5-15mins |
| autopsy result turnover of report | within 7days |
| specimen storage | 1month to 1year |
| tissue block storage | 3-10 years |
| slides storage | indefinite |
| method of fresh tissue prep that uses isotonic soln and uses PCM and BFM | Teasing/Dissociation |
| method of fresh tissue prep. that uses vital staining and tissues are usually placed between 2 slides | Crushing/Squash Preparation |
| cellular materials are slightly spread over a slide by means of a wire loop or applicator stick or another slide | Smear Preparation |
| applied in a zigzag line throughout the slide (smear preparation) | Streaking |
| a selected portion of the material is transferred to a clean side and gently spread in a moderately thick film by teasing the mucous strands apart with applicator stick ( sputum) | Spreading |
| placing a drop of secretion or sediment upon one slide and facing it to another clean slide | pull apart |
| the surface of a freshly cut piece of tissue is brought into contact and pressed to the surface of a clean glass slide | Touch Preparation |
| Touch Preparation or | Impression |
| normally used when a rapid diagnosis of a tissue is required | Frozen section |
| type of frozen section procedure that uses CO2 and almost any microtome can be used | Cold knife procedure |
| knife is maintain at what temp for cold knife procedure | -40 to -60 C |
| tissue is maintained at what temp for cold knife procedure | 5 to -10C |
| environment is maintained at what temp for cold knife procedure | 0-10C |
| cold microtome or | cryostat procedure |
| optimum working temp for cryostat | -18 to -20C |
| what microtome is the type of choice for cryostat | rotary microtome |
| best mounting media for cryostat section | OCT ( synthetic water soluble glycols and resin) |
| most rapid freezing agent | liquid nitrogen |
| Processes of Preserved Tissue Examination | FDCIETSSML |
| first and most critical step in histotechnology | Fixation |
| most important rxn for maintaining tissue morphology | stabilization of proteins |
| correct fixative to tissue ratio | 20:1 |
| usual fixation temp for surgical specimens | room temperature |
| whereby the chemical constituent of the fixative is taken and became part of the tissue | Additive fixation |
| fixative not taken in but changes the tissue composition and stabilizes the tissue | non additive fixation |
| satisfactory pH of fixation | 6-8 |
| temp for histochem and EM | 0-4C |
| type of fixative with one component | Simple Fixative |
| common simple fixative | Glacial Acetic Acid |
| Glacial Acetic Acid cause | Tissue Swelling |
| type of fixative with 2 or more component | Compound Fixative |
| Example of compound fixative | Mercuric Acid Chloride |
| Mercuric Acid Chloride causes | Tissue Shrinkage |
| Mercuric Acid Chloride or | Zenker's solution |
| type of fixative for gen microscopic study of tissue structures | Microanatomical fixative |
| type of fixative for specific parts and particular microscopic elements of cell itself | Cytological Fixative |
| both act as a nuclear and cytoplasmic fixative | Newcomer's Fluid |
| common nuclear fixative | Glacial Acetic Acid |
| Helly's fluid or | Zenker Formol |
| gas produced by oxidation of methanol | formalin |
| usual fixation time of formalin | 24hrs |
| 10% formaldehyde is | working soln (unstable may produce artifacts) |
| 40% formaldehyde | stock solution |
| white ppt after long standing of formalin | paraformaldehyde |
| paraformaldehyde is removed by | filtration or adding 10% methanol |
| brown black granules of formaldehyde | Acid Formaldehyde Hematin |
| Acid formaldehyde hematin is removed by | sat. alcoholic picric acid |
| general tissue fixative used for tissue containing iron | 10% BNF |
| aldehyde fixative for enzyme histochem and electron microscopy | glutaraldehyde |
| CNS tissue aldehyde fixative | 10% formol saline |
| most common metallic fixative and routine fixative of choice for tissue topography | mercuric chloride |
| black granular deposits from mercuric chloride is removed by | Dezenkerization (alcoholic iodine) |
| metallic fixative for tumor biopsy of skin | Heidenhain's SuSa |
| metallic fixative for bone marrow biopsies | B5 fixative |
| Saure means | acid in German |
| sublimat | mercuric chloride |
| fine yellow brown deposits from chromate is removed by | acid alcohol |
| Regaud's or | Moller's |
| metallic fixative for Ricketssia and other bacteria | Orth's fluid (for study of degenerative processes) |
| are generally for Acid mucopolysaccharides (ex. Wharton's gelly or Umbilical cord) | Lead Fixatives (Alsian Blue) |
Created by:
oddreann