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PHIL 150-4
Psychology chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When claims conflict | At least one is wrong, both can't be true. Not justifiable in believing either until the conflict is resolved. |
| Lie | Intentionally not telling the truth |
| Conflict with background information | The more background information the claim conflicts with, the more reason we have to doubt it. But, it is always possible, of course, that a conflicting claim is true and some of our background information is unfounded. |
| Belief and evidence | Our degree of belief should vary according to the evidence. |
| Expert claims | If an expert makes a claim, then we are generally justified in believing it , even if no evidence is given. As long as it doesn't conflict badly with background knowledge |
| Expert | Someone who is more knowledgeable in a particular subject area than other people. |
| Why are experts better? | In their specialty areas, experts are more likely to be right than we are because: -they have access to more information on the subject, and -they are better at judging that information than we are. |
| Appeal to authority | - Because someone is an expert in one field does not mean that he or she is necessarily an expert in another -We may fall into a fallacious appeal to authority by regarding a non-expert as an expert |
| Indicators of expertise | -Amount of education and training, -experience in making reliable judgments, -reputation among peers, and -professional accomplishment. |
| Factors that can give us good reason to doubt the reliability of personal experience: | -Impairment -Expectation -Innumeracy |
| Impairment | If our perceptual powers are somehow impaired, we have reason to doubt them. EX: -Situation: too dark, too bright, too hazy, or too noisy -Senses: sick, injured, tired, stressed, excited, drugged, distracted, disoriented, or drunk |
| Expectation | We often perceive exactly what we expect, regardless of whether there’s really anything there to detect. Hearing scary sounds because we expect them. |
| Innumeracy | Being really bad at numbers. When we make an off-the-cuff judgment about the chances of something happening, we should be extra careful. Humans bad at figuring out probabilities |
| Fooling ourselves | -ignore evidence, -deny evidence, -manipulate evidence, and/or -distort evidence |
| 3 most common mistakes | -resisting contrary evidence, -looking for confirming evidence, and -preferring available evidence. |
| Resisting Contrary Evidence | We resist evidence that flies in the face of out cherished beliefs |
| Looking for Confirming Evidence | We often seek out and use only confirming evidence. This is known as confirming bias. |
| Preferring Available Evidence | Availability error: We rely on evidence because it’s memorable or striking, or rather, because it is psychologically ‘available’. |
| Ways distortions occurs in media | 1. Passive reporting. 2. Reporters may decide not to cover certain stories or specific aspects of a story. Selectivity is necessary and inevitable. 3. Editors and reporters alter our perception of the news by playing up or down certain aspects. |
Created by:
bea.fiola