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Module 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How did the popes increase their power and authority? | By reorganizing the Church, they increased their control over legal matters, added more money to the Church through tithes, and used diplomats to further their goals. |
| What made the Gothic cathedrals’ architecture revolutionary? | New structural engineering techniques enabled the buildings to be taller and more massive than ever before. |
| Gothic cathedrals took a lot of labor and years to build. How do these structures reflect the society of the time? | The long-term commitment shows the power of religious feeling; the massive structure shows growing wealth and prosperity in the cities. |
| What benefits did the pope hope to gain by calling the First Crusade? | Increase his authority over the Byzantine empire; push back the Muslims; relocate the European knights and kings who clashed with his authority. |
| Why did the fervor for the Crusades end? | In later Crusades, the motivation was greed rather than religious zeal. After several Crusades failed to accomplish their objectives, they ended. |
| How did farmers take advantage of the warming climate during the Middle Ages? | They planted crops in new areas and developed more productive farming methods. |
| How did guilds change the way business was conducted and products were made? | The guilds controlled wages, prices, and standards for production and training of new workers. |
| How did trade fairs influence medieval society? | Merchants came from all over to trade goods which improved the local availability of products and services. |
| Why did workers now have to be paid? | Serfs were unpaid because they were supported by their feudal lords. Workers who left the manor needed to earn an income to survive. |
| Why were changes in financial services necessary to expand trade? | Merchants needed credit, cash, and loans to expand their operations and make a profit. |
| How did the Church become weaker during the Great Schism? | People lost respect for the church, and competition among opposing popes weakened papal and church authority. |
| According to the different beliefs of the time, what was the true source of religious authority? | There was disagreement about where true religious authority resided. Some thought it resided with the pope, others with a Church council, and still others with the Bible alone. |
| Where did the plague spread in all directions? | Europe |
| Why might the plague have divided rather than united people? | The fear of catching the disease drove people even family members apart. |
| What is the mood of these two paintings? | Somber, hopeless, chaotic, inescapable. |
| How did the amount of land the English held in France change from 1337 to 1429? | It increased because the English won major battles by using the crossbow as their main strategy. |
| How did the Hundred Years’ War change the perception of people toward their king? | People now saw him not as a noble ruler of a small area but as a leader of a larger unit—the nation. |