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HuG Unit 5

Agriculture & Rural Land Use

Term	Definition
Agriculture	deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain
Crop	any plant cultivated by people
Vegetative planting	reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants (cutting stems & dividing roots)
Seed agriculture	reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization
Subsistence Agriculture	production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family
Commercial Agriculture	production of food primarily for sale off the farm
Prime agricultural land	most productive farmland
Shifting cultivation	form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period
Slash-and-burn agriculture	farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris
Swidden	patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning
Pastoral nomadism	form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals which involves moving from field to field in search of new pastures.
Transhumance	seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas
Pasture	grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing
Intensive agriculture	form of agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
Wet rice	practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth
Paddy	a malay word for wet rice
Sawah	A flooded parcel of arable land used for growing semiaquatic crops, most notably rice and taro.
Chaff	husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing
Threshed	beat out grain from stalks by trampling it
Winnowed	to remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind
Hull	outer covering of a seed
Double cropping	An intensive method of getting the most out of their land, defined as planting two different crops in the same field during a single year.
Crop rotation	practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil
Cereal grain	grass yielding grain for food
Milkshed	area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
Grain	seed of a cereal grain
Winter wheat	wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer
Spring wheat	wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer
Reaper	machine that cuts grain standing in the field
Combine	machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field
Ranching	A form of agriculture in which livestock graze over an (intensive or extensive) area. Can be commercial or subsistence.
Horticulture	growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers
Truck farming	commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities
Plantation	large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country
Sustainable agriculture	farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides
Ridge tillage	system of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation
Desertification	degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting
Green revolution	rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers
Industrial revolution	series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
Agrarian	Relating to the use of land in rural communities or to agricultural societies in general
Agribusiness	A general term for large-scale, mechanized industrial agriculture that is controlled by corporate interests.
First Agricultural revolution	The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering. Around 10,000 - 8,000 B.C.
Aquaculture	The cultivation of aquatic organisms especially for food
Animal domestication	The process of taming of animals for selling or using byproducts.
Biotechnology	The use of genetically engineered crops in agriculture and DNA manipulation in livestock in order to increase production.
Commodity chain	Series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market.
Primary	Economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources form the environment – such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and agricultural.
Secondary	Economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector.
Tertiary	Economic activity associated with the provision of services – such as transportation, banking, retailing and education.
Feedlot	a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market
Intertillage	Tillage between rows of crops of plants.
Livestock ranching	Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. Practiced is semi-arid or arid land, where vegetation is too sparse or the soil to too poor to support crops
Market gardening	Small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops are the main crops, while animals are grown under transhumance
Second agricultural revolution	Precursor to Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, labor moved from agriculture to the factories; this was because an increase in production courtesy of new inventions.
Third agricultural revolution	‘Green Revolution’ Rapid diffusion of new agricultural techniques between 1970’s and 1980’s, especially new high-yield seeds, biotechnology, and fertilizers.
Mechanization	Farmers need tractors, irrigation pumps, and other machinery to make the most effective use of the new miracle seeds.
Chemical farming	Increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
Von Thunen Model	A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city
Genetically modified organism (GMO)	Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods.
Township and range system	A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.
Monoculture	Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.
Mediterranean agriculture	Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails.
Agricultural landscape	The land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields.
Diffusion	The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.
Renewable	Energy replaced continually within a human lifespan, has an essentially unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people. Solar energy, hydroelectric, geothermal, fusion and wind, are the most widely used
Non-renewable	Energy formed so slowly that for practical purposes it cannot be renewed. The three main fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, and coal) plus nuclear energy are the most widely used, mostly because they are more cost efficient.
Rural	Sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities
Long Lots	Houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular along a river, so that each original settler had equal river access.
Tragedy of the Commons	social trap that involves a conflict over resources between interests and the common good.
Food chain	describes the feeding relationships between species in an ecological community
Forestry	growing and harvesting of trees
Sustainable yield	the yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself
Biorevolution	The revolution of biotechnology and the use of it in societies.
Debt-for-Nature Swap	When agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources.
Dairying	The “farming” and sale/distribution of milk and milk products.
Environmental Modification	The destruction of the environment for the purpose of farming. (Using pesticides that drain in to the water and soil and pollute them overuse of land causing the desert like conditions of desertification (dust bowl).
Suitcase Farm	Individuals who live in urban areas a great distance from their land and drive to the country to care for their crops and livestock. Allows families to continue ancestral farming, but still enjoy the benefits of waged incomes in urban environments.
Staple Grains	Maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced grains produced world wide, accounting for 87% of all grains and 43% of all food. Maize (North America, South American, Africa); Wheat (Temperate regions), and Rice (Tropical regions).
Fallow	Plowed farm land that left unsown (no crops planted) for a period in order to restore its fertility as part of a crop rotation or to avoid surplus production
Extensive Agriculture	The practice of using more land with a lower yield to produce the same amount of food.

Created by: Perales76

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