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EMT Module #3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A type of shock that results from dilated and leaking blood vessels related to a severe allergic reaction is known as: | Anaphylactic shock |
| Shock that is caused by the left ventricle of the heart not pumping effectively is known as: | Cardiogenic shock |
| The stage of shock in which the body's sympathetic nervous system will release hormones (epi and norepi) out into the body to cause vasoconstriction in an attempt to increase the patient's blood pressure is known as: | Compensated shock |
| An advanced stage of shock in which the body’s compensatory mechanisms are no longer able to maintain a blood pressure and perfusion of the vital organs is known as: | Decompensated shock |
| Shock that is associated with a relative decrease in intravascular volume caused by massive systemic vasodilation and an increase in the capillary permeability is known as: | Distributive shock |
| A type of shock that is caused from the loss of blood from the intravascular space is known as: | Hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock |
| Generically, shock that is caused by the loss of blood or fluid from the intravascular space resulting in a low blood volume is known as: | Hypovolemic shock |
| The stage of shock in which interventions are unable to prevent the advance of shock to death is known as: | Irreversible shock |
| A type of distributive shock that results from massive vasodilation from a spinal cord injury is termed: | Neurogenic shock |
| A type of shock caused by loss of fluid from the intravascular space with red blood cells and hemoglobin remaining within the vessels is known as: | Nonhemorrhagic hypovolemic shock |
| A type of shock to occurs from a condition that obstructs forward blood flow (eg, tension pneumothorax, massive PE, cardiac tamponade) is known as: | Obstructive shock |
| A type of distributive shock caused by an infection that releases bacteria or toxins into the blood stream is known as: | Septic shock |
| The insufficient delivery of oxygen and other nutrients to some of the body’s cells and the inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide and other wastes that results from inadequate circulation of blood is known as: | Shock/Hypoperfusion |
| What is the first phase of the cardiac cycle? | Diastole |
| What is the 2nd phase of the cardiac cycle? | Systole |
| During what time of the cardiac cycle does the heart fill with blood? | During diastole |
| The amount of blood that is ejected out of the ventricles during one cardiac cycle is known as the: | Stroke volume |
| What is the average stroke volume? | 70 mL |
| What is the equation for cardiac output? | Stroke Volume X Heart Rate |
| What branch of the nervous system is known as the "Flight or Fight?" | Sympathetic |
| What branch of the nervous system is known as the "Feed and Breed" | Parasympathetic |
| What is the definition of perfusion? | Adequate supply of well-oxygenated blood and nutrients to all vital organs |
| What is the definition of shock? | Inadequate tissue perfusion - failure of the body's circulatory system to provide enough oxygenated blood & nutrients to all vital organs |
| What is considered to be the most common type of shock? | Hypovolemia |
| A type of shock that occurs when the heart is not pumping effectively is known as: | Cardiogenic Shock |
| A type of shock that occurs when the cardiovascular container gets too large is known as: | Distributive Shock |
| A shock that occurs due to a major widespread infection in the body is known as: | Septic Shock (this is a form of Distributive Shock) |
| A shock that occurs due to an allergic reaction is known as: | Anaphylactic Shock (this is a form of Distributive Shock) |
| A type of shock that occurs when there is an obstruction of a major blood vessel in the body is known as: | Obstructive Shock |
| A stage of shock in which the patient's body is using specific mechanisms to compensate for the lack of adequate perfusion (patient has a good blood pressure still) is known as: | Compensated Shock |
| A stage of shock in which the body is no longer able to compensate for the lack of tissue perfusion (hypotension is present) is known as: | Decompensated Shock |
| What type of changes would you expect to see with compensated shock? | An increase in the patient's heart rate and ventilation rate. Blood pressure should remain within normal limits |
| What V/S changes would you expect to see in a patient that is in decompensated shock? | Their B/P will now be below normal limits (hypotensive) |
| During compensated shock, what type of metabolism is the patient most likely using? | During compensated shock, the body is "compensating" for a loss of blood volume, so their cells are staring to make energy without oxygen. This is known as anaerobic metabolism. |
| One of the most important treatments for shock that an EMT can provide is: | Cover the patient with a blanket to keep them warm. If the patient is allowed to become even a little hypothermic, they will be unable to form an internal blood clot. |
| Signs and symptoms of an increase in ICP are: | An increase in the patient's blood pressure, a decrease in their pulse rate, and an irregular breathing pattern |
| When treating a patient that has lost a considerable amount of blood and is in decompensated shock, what would you expect to see with their blood pressure? | In decompensated shock, the patient's blood pressure should be hypotensive |
| When treating a patient that has loss a little bit of blood and is in compensated shock, what would you expect to see with their blood pressure? | In compensated shock, the patient's blood pressure should be normotensive |
| When treating a patient in shock, what would you expect to see with the patient's skin? | In most shocks, the patient's skin will be pale in color and diaphoretic. The one shock that is an exception to this rule is neurogenic shock where the skin is warm and dry |
| In a patient with neurogenic shock, what signs & symptoms would you expect to see? | In neurogenic shock (also known as warm shock), the patient is flushed, warm and dry. Their blood pressure should be hypotensive and their pulse rate should be bradycardic |
| What is considered a blood blood pressure for an infant? | A blood pressure above 70 systolic |
| What is considered a good blood pressure for a child? | A blood pressure that is above the following equation: 70 + (2 times the patients age in years). For example, a 4 year old should have a blood pressure above 78. If this 4 year old had a BP lower than 78, they would be considered hypotensive |
| What type of shock is seen in pregnant females if they are placed in the supine position? | Supine Hypotensive Syndrome - the unborn fetus is putting direct posterior pressure on Moms inferior vena cava, thus reducing the return of blood to the heart from the lower half of her body. |
| How would you treat a pregnant female that become hypotensive after placing her in the supine position? | You would either turn her on her left lateral side (at least 30 degrees) or have someone manually displace the patient's uterus to the left |
| When a patient goes into shock, what organ will the body attempt to send blood to the most? | The heart. Without the heart beating, nothing else will get perfused! |
| What is the first phase of the cardiac cycle? | Diastole |
| What is Kinetics? | Brand of physics dealing with objects in motion and the exchange of energy that occurs as objects collide |
| What is Newtons’s First Law? | A body in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an outside force. Also, a body at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an outside force. |
| What is energy? | The ability to do work |
| What is Newton’s 2nd Law? | Newton’s 2nd law quantifies the forces at work during a collision. It states the force strength is related to an objects mass and the rate of its change in velocity |
| What is the equation for Kinetic Energy? | Kinetic Energy = Mass X Velocity (squared) all divided by 2. Or ½ Mass X Velocity (squared) |
| What is “index of suspicion”? | It is your estimation of possible injuries of a patient based on the mechanism of injury |
| What is the 1st phase of a vehicle collision? | It is the collision of the vehicle itself. The sudden deceleration of the vehicle |
| What is the 2nd phase of a vehicle collision? | It is the collision of the body inside of the vehicle |
| What is the 3rd phase of a vehicle collision? | It is the collision of the organs inside of the body |
| What is the 4th phase of a vehicle collision? | It is when there is a collision with other objects inside of the car with the patient (any loose objects) |
| What is the 5th phase of a vehicle collision? | It is the additional impacts received by the vehicle (like other cars hitting the vehicle after the initial crash) |
| What is the most common type of vehicle collision? | Frontal |
| What are the three predominant MOIs associated with a car versus pedestrian accident? | First impact = Auto strikes the body with its bumpers, 2nd impact = body strikes the hood or grill, 3rd = Body strikes ground or other object |
| What items make up Waddell’s Triad? | Fractured femur, intra-thoracic or intra-abdominal injuries, and a head injury |
| A patient is thrown from a motorcycle and slides on the pavement. What type of soft tissue injuries would you expect more? | Abrasions (also known as road rash) |
| What are primary blast injuries? | Injuries to the body from the pressure wave of the explosion. This damages hollow organs with your lungs taking most of the damage |
| What are secondary blast injuries? | Damage to the body from being struck by flying debris |
| What are tertiary blast injuries? | Injuries sustained when the patient his hurled in the air by the force of the explosion and receives injuries when they strike the ground or other objects |
| What are quaternary blast injuries? | Injuries from the hot gases (burns) from the blast, or inhalation of toxic fumes, or injuries from a building collapse from the blast |
| What is the “platinum ten”? | It is the amount of time we should spend on scene with a patient that has suffered a significant traumatic injury |
| What does the "S" in SAMPLE represent? | Signs & Symptoms |
| What does the "A" in SAMPLE represent? | Allergies |
| What does the "M" in SAMPLE represent? | Medications |
| What does the "P" in SAMPLE represent? | Past Medical History |
| What does the "L" in SAMPLE represent? | Last Oral Intake (what did they eat or drink last) |
| What does the "E" in SAMPLE represent? | Events Prior to Event |
| What does the "O" in OPQRST-ASPN represent? | Onset of Event- What was the patient doing when it started? |
| What does the "P" in OPQRST-ASPN represent? | Provocation & Palliation - Does anything make the symptoms worse and does anything make it better? |
| What does the "Q" in OPQRST-ASPN represent? | Quality - How would you describe your pain? |
| What does the "R" in OPQRST-ASPN represent? | Region & Radiation - Where is the pain and does the pain radiate anywhere? |
| What does the "S" in OPQRST-ASPN represent? | Severity - On a scale of 0-10, what would you rate your pain? |
| What does the "T" in OPQRST-ASPN represent? | Time (history) - how long has this being going on and how has it changed since the onset? |
| What does the "AS" in OPQRST-ASPN represent? | Associated Symptoms - What other symptoms commonly associated with the chief complaint can help you make a diagnosis |
| What does the "PN" in OPQRST-ASPN represent? | Pertinent Negatives - Are any likely associated symptoms absent? |
| What does the "D" in DCAP-BTLS represent? | Deformities |
| What does the "C" in DCAP-BTLS represent? | Contusions (bruise) |
| What does the "A" in DCAP-BTLS represent? | Abrasions |
| What does the "P" in DCAP-BTLS represent? | Punctures/Penetrations |
| What does the "B" in DCAP-BTLS represent? | Burns |
| What does the "T" in DCAP-BTLS represent? | Tenderness |
| What does the "L" in DCAP-BTLS represent? | Lacerations |
| What does the "S" in DCAP-BTLS represent? | Swelling |
| What is the primary assessment designed for? | To find and treat immediate life threatening conditions |
| What does the "A" in AVPU represent? | Alert |
| What does the "V" in AVPU represent? | Verbal - the patient responds to verbal stimulus |
| What does the "P" in AVPU represent? | Pain - the patient responds to painful stimulus |
| What does the "U" in AVPU represent? | Unresponsive - the patient wasn't alert, didn't respond to either verbal or painful stimulus |
| What is the AVPU scale designed for? | To gauge the patient's level of consciousness |
| What is SAMPLE used for? | To obtain a pertinent past medical history |
| What is OPQRST-ASPN used for? | It is used to question a patient about their pain |
| What is Cullen's Sign? | It is bruising over the umbilical region |
| What is Grey Turner's Sign? | It is bruising over either the left or right flank |
| What are considered normal heart sounds? | S1/S2 |
| What is subcutaneous emphysema? | It is the presence of air trapped in the layers of the skin |
| How much time should the primary assessment take? | No more than 60 seconds |
| What should you do if you find something wrong during the primary assessment? | You find it and fix it! |
| What are the two different general types of hemorrhage? | External and Internal |
| Slow oozing of bright red blood from tissue represents what type of external hemorrhage? | Capillary |
| A steady flow of dark red blood represents what type of external hemorrhage? | Venous |
| Bright red blood that is spurting with each heart beat represents what type of external hemorrhage? | Arterial |
| Why is an arterial hemorrhage more life threatening than a venous hemorrhage? | Because an artery has much more pressure and the patient will lose more blood volume quickly |
| What type of shock will a massive loss of blood cause? | Hypovolemic |
| What are the two different general types of soft-tissue injuries? | Closed and Open |
| A minor open soft-tissue injury that is affects only the epidermis and is considered superficial is known as an? | Abrasion |
| A jagged cut in the skin caused by a sharp object or a blunt force that tears the tissue is known as a: | Laceration |
| An open soft-tissue injury that separates various layers of soft tissue so they become either completely detached or hang as a flap is known as an: | Avulsion |
| An open soft-tissue injury that results from a piercing object is known as a: | Puncture |
| An open soft-tissue injury in which part of the body is completely severed is known as an: | Amputation |
| A protrusion of organs from a wound is known as a(n): | Evisceration |
| What is the medical term for a nosebleed? | Epistaxis |
| A dressing that forms an airtight seal over a wound is known as a(n): | Occlusive dressing |
| A closed injury to the soft tissues that is characterized by swelling and discoloration caused by a mass of blood beneath the dermis is known as a: | Hematoma |
| An air bubble that enters the bloodstream and obstructs a blood vessel is known as an: | Air embolism |
| A ________________ burn involves only the top layer of the skin (epidermis). | Superficial (also known as a 1st degree burn) |
| A ________________ burn involves the epidermis and dermis and has blisters present. | Partial-thickness (also known as a 2nd degree burn) |
| A ________________ burn extends through the epidermis, dermis, and into the subcutaneous layers. | Full-thickness (also known as a 3rd degree burn) |
| Which burn is considered "painless?" | A full-thickness burn is painless, but it usually has a 2nd or 1st degree burn around the area also that will be painful |
| In regards to the Rule of Nines, how much is the head worth for an adult? | 9% |
| In regards to the Rule of Nines, how much is each arm worth for an adult? | Each arm is 9 % (front and back total) |
| In regards to the Rule of Nines, how much is chest and back worth for an adult? | The entire chest and back are both worth 18% each |
| In regards to the Rule of Nines, how much is each leg worth for an adult? | Each leg is 18% (front and back total) |
Created by:
kevinakers