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Chemistry
chapters 9-16
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| stoichometry | process of using a balanced chemical equation to determine the relative masses of reactants and products in a reaction |
| limiting reactant | reactant that runs out first |
| excess reactant | reactant that is not fully used up in a reaction |
| theoretical yield | maximum amount of a given product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is fully consumed |
| actual yield | amount of product recovered in a reaction |
| yield % | % of theoretical yield recovered in a chemical reaction |
| wavelength | distance between crests of waves |
| frequency | number of waves passing per unit of time |
| velocity | all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum |
| photon | wave packet of energy |
| ground state | lowest level for electrons |
| excited state | electrons have absorbed energy |
| electron orbital | region of space around a nucleus of an atom within which there is a 90% probability of finding an electron |
| electron configuration | a way to display the location of all electrons in an element |
| core electrons | electrons in inner energy level |
| valence electrons | electrons in outer sub level |
| Lewis structure | a representation of a molecule or polynomic ion showing how valence electrons are arranged among atoms in the molecule or ion |
| duet rule | H and He both need 2 valence electrons to fill the first level |
| octet rule | most atoms must have 8 valence electrons to be stable |
| bonding pair | a pair of electrons that are shared between two atoms forming a covalent or polar-covalent bond |
| lone pair | electron pairs in a Lewis structure that are not involved in bonding |
| single bond | a bond in which one pair of electrons is shared by two atoms |
| double pair | two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms |
| resonance | a condition occurring when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a particular molecule |
| molecule structure | three dementional arrangement of atoms in a molecule |
| bent or v-shaped | two bonds and two unshared pairs on central atom |
| linear structure | two double bonds on central atom |
| trigonal planer structure | one double bond and two single bonds on central atom or three single bonds with no unshared pairs |
| trigonal pyramid | 3 single bonds and an unshared pair on central atom |
| tetrahedral | 3 single bonds on a central atom |
| solution | homogeneous mixture that does not settle |
| alloy | solid mixed with another solid |
| liquid solution | solid, liquid or gas mixed with a liquid |
| gaseous solution | solid, liquid or gas mixed with a gas |
| aqueous solution | liquid solution in which water is the main component |
| solvent | component with the largest amount |
| solute | component with the smallest amount |
| ionic | separates into ions in solution |
| polar | creates hydrogen bonds with other molecules |
| non-polar | no molecular interaction between molecules |
| dilute | relatively small amount of solute in mixture |
| concentrated | large amount of solute in mixture |
| unsaturated | less than maximum amount of solute |
| saturated solution | maximum amount of solute dissolved |
| super saturated | more than the maximum amount of solute |
| solubility | maximum number of grams of solute per ml of water |
| standard solution | a solution in which the concentration is accurately known |
| dilution | the process of adding more solvent to a solution to lower the concentration of solute |
| stock solution | beginning concentrated solution |
| neutralization reaction | acid-base reaction |
| acid | produces H+ in solution |
| base | produces OH in solution |
| strong acid | dissociates in water |
| colligative property | a property that is dependent only on the number of solute particles in solution |
| acids | proton doner |
| base | proton accepter |
| acid | first recognized as substances that taste sour |
| base | first recognized as substances that taste bitter |
| conjugate acid | substance formed when a proton is added to a base |
| conjugate base | remaining substance when a proton is lost from an acid |
| oxyacid | an acid in which the acidic hydrogen is attached to an oxygen acid |
| organic acid | acid with a carbon backbone |
| indicators | chemicals that change color depending on the pH of a solution |
| titration | a technique in which a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution |
| standard solution | a solution in which the concentration is accurately known |
| buret | a device used for the accurate measurement of the delivery of a given volume of liquid or solution |
| equivalence point | the point in a titration when enough titrate has been added in solution that is being titrated |
| titration curve | a plot of pH of solution verses volume of titrate added to a given solution |
| buffered solution | a solution that resists a change in pH when either an acid or base is added |
Created by:
aly102201
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