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Comprehensive 111
RAD 111
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| T/F A 40-inch (102 cm) SID should be the minimal distance used for most radiographic projections. | True |
| T/F A lateromedial projection is one in which the lateral aspect of the anatomy part is closest to the image receptor (IR). | False |
| A longitudinal plane that divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts is the _____ plane. | midcoronal |
| A patient is erect facing the image receptor. The left side of the body is turned 45° toward the image receptor. The CR enters the posterior aspect of the body and exits the anterior. What is this radiographic position? | LAO |
| A patient is erect facing the x-ray tube and leaning the shoulders backward 20° to 30° toward the IR. The central ray is perpendicular to the IR. What specific position has been performed? | Lordotic |
| A patient is erect with the left side directly against the image receptor. The central ray (CR) enters the right side of the body. What is this radiographic position? | Left Lateral |
| A patient is lying on her back facing the x-ray tube. The right side of her body is turned 20° toward the image receptor. What is this radiographic position? | RPO (right posterior oblique) |
| A position in which the head is lower than the feet is: | Trendelenburg. |
| A projection in which the CR skims a body part to project it in profile is termed: | tangential. |
| A random disturbance that obscures or reduces clarity is termed: | noise |
| A recumbent oblique position in which the patient is lying on the left anterior surface with it rotated toward the image receptor is termed: | left anterior oblique. |
| A representation of the patient’s anatomic structures that can be obtained, viewed, manipulated, and stored digitally is the definition for: | radiographic image. |
| An upright position with the arms abducted, palms forward, and head forward describes the _____ position. | anatomic |
| T/F Decubitus chest projections are placed for viewing the way the image receptor “sees” them. | False |
| Examples of “flat” bones are the: | calvaria, ribs, scapulae, and sternum. |
| How many bones are there in the adult axial skeleton? | 80 |
| T/F It is legally acceptable to write “right” or “left” on a radiograph if the anatomic side marker is not visible. | False |
| Moving the foot and toes downward is: | plantar flexion. |
| The pt. is lying on her R side on a cart. The anterior surface of the pt is against the IR. A horizontal central ray enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior surface of the body. What specific projection/position has been performed? | Right Lateral Decubitus |
| The radiographic term projection is defined as: | path or direction of the central ray. |
| T/F The term position can be used for both a lateral and an oblique body position. | True |
| What is the final step taken before making the exposure during a positioning routine? | Ensuring correct gonadal shield placement |
| What is the minimal number of projections taken for a study of the elbow? | Three |
| What is the primary center for bone growth termed? | Diaphysis |
| T/F When placing radiographs of the lower leg, the toes of the foot must be pointing upward. | False |
| T/F When placing radiographs of the hand on the view box, the digits should be pointing upward. | True |
| A patient enters the ED with an injury to the left anterior lower ribs. Which of the following projections should be taken to demonstrate the involved area? | PA and RAO |
| A patient enters the ED with blunt trauma to the sternum. The patient is in great pain and cannot lie prone on the table or stand erect. Which of the following positioning routines would be best for the sternum examination in this situation? | LPO and horizontal beam lateral projections |
| A pt enters the ED with trauma to the bony thorax. Initial radiographs reveal there are fractured ribs and possible ptx of the left thorax. Orders a chest study to confirm the ptx; however, the pt cannot stand. Which positions would best dem the ptx? | Right Lateral Decubitus |
| A radiograph of a lateral projection of the sternum reveals that the patient’s ribs are superimposed over the sternum. What needs to be done to correct this problem during the repeat exposure? | Ensure that the patient is not rotated. |
| A radiograph of an RAO projection of the ribs demonstrates the left axillary ribs are foreshortened, whereas the right side is elongated. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this radiographic outcome? | An LAO was performed rather than the RAO position. |
| T/F A right or left side marker may be taped over the area of interest to indicate the location of the trauma to the ribs. | False |
| At approximately what age does the xiphoid process become totally ossified? | 40 years old |
| Fracture of adjacent ribs in two or more places with associated pulmonary injury is known as a(n) _____ rib injury. | flail chest |
| In the erect adult bony thorax, the posterior or vertebral end of a typical rib is ____ higher than or more superior to the anterior portion. | 3 to 5 inches (8 to 13 cm) |
| T/F The only bony connection between the shoulder girdle and the bony thorax is the acromioclavicular joint. | False |
| T/F The left anterior oblique (LAO) position of the sternum provides the best frontal image of the sternum with it superimposed over the heart. | False |
| T/F The tubercle portion of a typical rib articulates with the vertebral facet/demifacet. | False |
| The widest aspect of the bony thorax generally occurs at the level of: | the eighth or ninth ribs. |
| The xiphoid process corresponds to the vertebral level of: | T9-T10 |
| What is the minimum number of ribs that must be demonstrated for a unilateral rib study above the diaphragm? | Ribs 1 through 9 |
| What is the recommended degree of obliquity for an RAO projection of the sternum for an asthenic (thin-chested) type of patient? | 20° |
| Which aspect of the rib articulates with the thoracic vertebral body? | Head |
| Which of the following ribs is considered to be a false rib? | Ninth |
| Which of the following positions will best demonstrate the axillary portion of the right ribs? | LAO |
| Which of the following positions will best demonstrate the axillary portion of the left ribs? | Left posterior oblique (LPO) |
| Which ribs are considered to be true ribs? | First through seventh ribs |
| A correctly positioned lateral chest radiograph demonstrates some separation of the posterior ribs owing to the divergent x-ray beam. But a separation of greater than ____ cm indicates objectionable rotation from a true lateral. | 1 |
| A general rule states that radiographic grids are required with chest radiography for: | exposure factors using 100 kV or greater. |
| A patient enters the ED with a possible hemothorax in the right lung. With help, the patient can sit erect on a cart. Which of the following routines would best demonstrate this condition? | Erect PA and erect right lateral on cart |
| A patient enters the ED with a possible pneumothorax in the left lung. Because of trauma, the patient cannot stand or sit erect. Which of the following positions would best demonstrate this condition? | Right lateral decubitus |
| A well-inspired healthy adult chest PA projection will have a minimum of ____ posterior ribs seen above the diaphragm. | 10 |
| Air or gas that escapes from the lungs into the pleural cavity results in a condition known as: | pneumothorax |
| For an AP portable chest on an older or hypersthenic male patient, which of the following should occur? | The CR should be centered 3 inches (8 cm) below the jugular notch. |
| For an average-size female patient, where is the CR placed for a PA projection of the chest? | 7 inches (18 cm) below the vertebra prominens |
| The CR for an AP supine chest should be aligned: | perpendicular to the long axis of sternum. |
| The central ray (CR) for an anteroposterior (AP) supine, adult chest projection, should be centered: | 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) below the jugular notch |
| The internal prominence or ridge in which the trachea bifurcates into the right and left bronchi is termed the: | carina |
| The jugular notch is located on the: | sternum |
| The two most common landmarks for chest positioning are the: | jugular notch and vertebra prominens. |
| The vertebra prominens corresponds to the level of: | C7 |
| T/F The xiphoid process is a reliable positioning landmark for determining the lower margin of the lungs for chest positioning. | False |
| What is the name for the structure that serves as a lid over the larynx to prevent aspiration of food or fluid? | Epiglottis |
| What is the name of the structure that serves as a common passageway for both food and air? | Pharynx |
| A radiograph of a supine KUB on an obese pt reveals that the symphysis pubis is cut off along the bottom. The top of the L kidney is also cut off along the top of the radiograph. What mods does the technologist need to make for the repeat exposure? | Use two 35- ´ 43-cm (14- ´ 17-inch) cassettes portrait, one centered lower and one centered higher. |
| A radiograph of an AP KUB reveals that the obturator foramina are cut off from the bottom of the image. The kidneys and symphysis pubis are demonstrated. What centering adjustments should the technologist make to improve this image? | This radiograph is correctly centered. No centering adjustments are necessary. |
| A radiograph of an anteroposterior (AP) abdomen demonstrates elongation (widening) of the left iliac wing and narrowing of the right iliac wing. Which one of the following positioning errors produced this radiographic outcome? | Rotation to the left (left posterior oblique) |
| At what level should the central ray (CR) be placed for a left lateral decubitus projection of the abdomen? | 2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crest |
| Ileus is the formal term for: | bowel obstruction |
| T/F Motion of the patient’s diaphragm can be stopped by providing proper breathing instructions. | True |
| The prominent protuberance found on the anterior aspect of the ilium is the: | anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). |
| The most inferior positioning landmark on the abdomen/pelvis is the: | ischial tuberosity. |
| The xiphoid process is at the vertebral level of: | T9-10. |
| What is another common term for the greater omentum? | Fatty apron |
| What is the name of the double-walled tissue that lines the abdominopelvic cavity? | Peritoneum |
| Where must the CR be centered for an AP supine projection of the abdomen as part of the acute abdominal series? | Level of iliac crest |
| Which radiographic landmark is most reliable to evaluate the posteroanterior (PA) projection of the abdomen for rotation? | Ala of ilium (wings) |
| Why is the right kidney usually lower in the abdomen than the left kidney? | Presence of the liver |
| Gonadal shielding of the male patient for the AP pelvis projection requires that the top of the shield is not extended above the level of: | the inferior margin of the symphysis pubis. |
| How much CR angle, from the horizontal, is required for the modified axiolateral (Clements-Nakayama) projection? | 15° to 20° |
| How much rotation of the body is required for posterior axial oblique projection for acetabulum (Teufel method)? | 35° to 40° |
| T/F If a patient has excessive external rotation of one foot, a fractured hip may be indicated. | True |
| T/F Less abduction of femora of only 20° to 30° from vertical provides for the least foreshortening of femoral necks when performing the AP bilateral “frog-leg” projection. | True |
| T/F Only a small part of the lesser trochanter, if any, will be visible on a well-positioned axiolateral (inferosuperior) lateral hip. | True |
| T/F The image receptor must be placed parallel to the femoral neck for the axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection of the hip. | True |
| T/F The term pelvic girdle refers to the total pelvis including the sacrum and coccyx. | False |
| The two bony landmarks that are palpated using the hip localization method are the: | ASIS and the symphysis pubis. |
| Using the hip localization method, the femoral head can be located: | 1 1/2 inches (4 cm) below the midpoint of the imaginary line between the two bony landmarks. |
| What is the amount of abduction of the femurs recommended for an AP bilateral frog-leg (modified Cleaves) projection? | 40° to 45° |
| Which bones fuse to form the acetabulum? | Ischium, pubis, and ilium |
| Which of the following bony structures cannot be palpated? | Ischial spine |
| Which of the following structures is not an aspect of the proximal femur? | Obturator foramen |
| Which of the following structures is considered to be most inferior or distal? | Lesser trochanter |
| Why must the lower limb be rotated 15° to 20° internally for AP pelvis projection (nontrauma)? | To place the femoral neck parallel to the image receptor |
| A general positioning rule is to place the long axis of the part ____ to the long axis of the image receptor. | parallel |
| A lateral elbow radiograph demonstrates about half of the radial head superimposed by the coronoid process of the ulna. Which of the following occurred? | No positioning errors occurred. |
| A patient arrives in radiology with a metal foreign body in the palm of the hand. Which of the following hand routines should be performed on this patient to confirm the location of the foreign body? | PA and lateral in extension projections |
| A patient enters the ED with a possible scaphoid fracture. The patient is unable to assume the ulnar deviation position. Which of the following positions should be performed to confirm the diagnosis? | Modified Stecher |
| A pt enters w/ elbow injury. The partially flexed AP and lat. positions reveal a fracture of the coronoid process. pt elbow is partially flexed & refuses to extend. Which positions/projections performed to confirm the fracture of the coronoid process? | Coyle method with 80° flexion, CR angled 45° away from shoulder |
| A radiograph of a PA oblique of the hand reveals that the midshaft of the fourth and fifth metacarpals is superimposed. What specific positioning error has been committed? | Excessive rotation of the hand and/or wrist laterally |
| A radiograph of a PA projection of the hand reveals that the distal radius and ulna and the carpals were cut off. What should the technologist do to correct this problem? | Repeat the PA projection to include all the carpals and about 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the distal radius and ulna. |
| A radiograph of an AP projection of the elbow reveals that there is complete separation of the proximal radius and ulna. What positioning error has been committed? | Excessive lateral rotation |
| A radiograph of the PA scaphoid projection reveals extensive superimposition of the scaphoid and adjacent carpals. Which of the following factors can lead to this problem? | Insufficient ulnar deviation |
| A radiograph of the elbow demonstrates the radius directly superimposed over the ulna and the coronoid process in profile. Which projection of the elbow has been performed? | Medial (internal) rotation oblique |
| From a pronated position, which of the following is required for a PA oblique projection of the fourth digit of the hand? | 45° lateral rotation |
| How many carpal bones are found in the wrist? | 8 |
| How much rotation of the humeral epicondyles is required for the AP medial oblique projection of the elbow? | 45° |
| How should the humeral epicondyles be aligned for a lateral projection of the elbow? | Perpendicular to image receptor |
| Fracture of distal radius with posterior displacement | Colles’ fracture |
| Transverse fracture through fifth metacarpal neck | Boxer’s fracture |
| Fracture of distal radius with anterior displacement | Smith fracture |
| Fracture and dislocation of posterior lip of distal radius | Barton fracture |
| Fracture of base of first metacarpal | Bennett’s fracture |
| The bending or forcing of the hand outward with the hand pronated in a posteroanterior (PA) projection is known as: | ulnar deviation. |
| The first metacarpophalangeal joint has a(n) ____ type of joint movement. | ellipsoidal |
| The interphalangeal joints have a(n) ____ type of joint movement. | ginglymus |
| The radiocarpal (wrist) joint possesses a(n) ____ type of joint movement. | ellipsoidal |
| T/F The radiographic criteria for a true lateral finger indicate equal concavity of the anterior and posterior aspects of the phalanges. | True |
| What is the purpose of performing the AP partially flexed projections of the elbow? | To provide an AP perspective if the patient cannot fully extend the elbow |
| What two bony landmarks are palpated for positioning of the AP elbow? | Humeral epicondyles |
| Where is the central ray (CR) placed for a PA projection of the third digit? | At the proximal interphalangeal joint |
| Where is the CR centered for a PA projection of the hand? | At the third metacarpophalangeal joint |
| Which carpal bone is the smallest? | Pisiform |
| Which is the most commonly fractured carpal bone? | Scaphoid |
| Which of the carpal bones is considered to be the largest? | Capitate |
| Which of the following structures is considered to be most lateral? | Capitulum |
| Which of the following structures is considered to be most distal? | Styloid processes |
| Which of the following structures is considered to be most proximal? | Olecranon process |
| Which routine projection of the elbow best demonstrates the olecranon process in profile? | Lateral |
| Which routine projection of the elbow best demonstrates the radial head and tuberosity free of superimposition? | AP oblique with external rotation |
| Which routine projection of the elbow will best demonstrate an elevated or visible posterior fat pad? | True lateral with 90° flexion |
| Which special projection of the wrist is ideal for demonstrating possible calcification in the dorsal aspect of the carpals? | Carpal bridge |
| Why is it important to keep the phalanges parallel to the IR for a PA oblique projection of the hand? | Prevents foreshortening of phalanges and obscuring of interphalangeal joints. |
| T/F A 3° to 5° caudad CR angle should be used for an AP knee projection for patients with an ASIS-to-tabletop measurement of 20 cm. | False |
| T/F A correctly positioned AP 45° medial oblique ankle projection frequently may also demonstrate a fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal if present. | True |
| T/F A correctly positioned lateral ankle will demonstrate the lateral malleolus superimposed over the posterior half of the tibia. | True |
| PA axial projection for the intercondylar fossa is foreshortened. The following factors were used: patient prone, knee flexed 40°-45°, CR angled to be perpendicular to the femur, 40SID, no rotation of the lower limb. what changes need to be made. | CR must be perpendicular to lower leg. |
| A radiograph of a plantodorsal (axial) projection of the calcaneus reveals foreshortening. The technologist used 60 kV, 6 mAs, 40-inch (102-cm) SID, and a 25° cephalad CR angle from the long axis of the foot. Which of the following mods need to be done. | Increase CR angulation. |
| A radiograph of an AP ankle projection reveals that the lat joint space isnt open (lateral malleolus is partially superimposed by the talus). The superior and medial joint spaces are open. How to correct? | Nothing; this is an acceptable image |
| A radiograph of an AP knee reveals rotation with almost total superimposition of the fibular head and the proximal tibia. What must the technologist do to correct this positioning error on the repeat exposure? | Rotate the knee medially slightly. |
| A radiograph of an AP medial oblique projection of the foot, if positioned correctly, should demonstrate: | third through fifth metatarsals free of superimposition. |
| A radiograph of an AP mortise projection of the ankle reveals that the lateral malleolus is slightly superimposed over the talus and the lateral joint space is not open. What is most likely cause for this radiographic outcome? | Insufficient medial rotation of the foot and ankle |
| A radiograph of an AP oblique foot with medial rotation demonstrates considerable superimposition of the third through fifth metatarsals. How must the original position be changed to eliminate this problem? | Decrease obliquity of the foot. |
| A radiograph of an AP projection of the second toe reveals that the interphalangeal joints are not open. What is the most likely cause for this radiographic outcome? | Incorrect or inadequate CR centering or angle. |
| For the AP weight-bearing feet projection, the CR should be: | angled 15° posteriorly. |
| For the AP weight-bearing knee projection on an average patient, the CR should be: | perpendicular to the image receptor. |
| How many articular facets make up the subtalar joint? | Three |
| How many tarsal bones are found in the foot? | 7 |
| How much central ray (CR) angulation (if any) should be used for an AP projection of the toes (without elevation of forefoot)? | 10° to 15° toward calcaneus |
| How much flexion of the knee is recommended for the lateral projection of the patella? | 5° to 10° |
| How much rotation from an AP position of the ankle will typically produce an AP mortise projection? | 15° to 20° medial |
| T/F The adductor tubercle is located on the posterior aspect of the medial femoral condyle. | True |
| T/F The AP mortise projection of the ankle is commonly taken in surgery during open reductions. | True |
| T/F The AP mortise projection of the ankle is commonly taken in surgery during open reductions. | True |
| The ankle joint is a ____ joint with a ____ type of movement. | synovial; saddle |
| T/F The correct CR placement for an AP projection of the knee is midpatella. | False |
| The distal tibiofibular joint is classified as a ____ joint. | fibrous |
| T/F The foot must be force dorsiflexed so that the long axis of the foot is perpendicular to the image receptor for AP and mortise projections of the ankle. | False |
| The medial malleolus is part of the: | tibia |
| T/F The patella is drawn into the intercondylar sulcus when the knee is overextended. | False |
| The patellofemoral joint is a ____ joint with a ____ type of movement. | synovial; saddle |
| The profile appearance of the adductor tubercle and excessive superimposition of the fibular head and neck on a mediolateral knee projection indicate: | underrotation of the knee toward the IR. |
| To decrease the angle between the anterior surface of the foot and anterior surface of the lower leg is described as: | dorsiflexion |
| What CR angle should be used for a mediolateral projection of the knee on a short, wide-pelvis patient? | 7° to 10° cephalad |
| What CR angulation is recommended for an AP projection of the knee on a patient with an ASIS-to-tabletop measurement of 18 cm? | 3° to 5° caudad |
| What CR angulation is required for the AP medial oblique projection of the foot? | CR is perpendicular to the image receptor. |
| What are the two arches of the foot? | Longitudinal and transverse |
| What is one advantage of the lateromedial projection of the foot? | The foot assumes a truer lateral position. |
| What is the major disadvantage of using 45° of flexion for the mediolateral projection of the knee? | Draws the patella into the intercondylar sulcus. |
| Where is the CR placed for a mediolateral projection of the calcaneus? | 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to medial malleolus |
| Where would the interphalangeal joint be found in the foot? | Between the phalanges of the first digit |
| Which metatarsal bone of the foot has a prominent tuberosity most frequently fractured? | Fifth |
| Which of the following knee projections requires the use of a special IR holding device? | Bilateral Merchant method |
| Which of the following projections of the ankle will best demonstrate the open joint space of the lateral aspect of the ankle joint? | AP mortise projection |
| Which of the following projections of the patella requires the patient to be placed in a prone position, 50° to 60° flexion of the knee, and a 45° cephalic angle of the CR? | Hughston method |
| Which position of the foot will best demonstrate the lateral (third) cuneiform? | AP oblique with medial rotation |
| Which projection of the knee will best demonstrate the neck of the fibula without superimposition of the tibia? | AP oblique with medial rotation |
| Which special position of the knee requires that the patient be placed supine with 40° flexion of the knee and the CR angled 30° from the long axis of the femur? | Bilateral Merchant method |
| Which structure or bone contains the sustentaculum tali? | Calcaneus |
| What is the CR angle for a AP toe? | 10-15 degrees |
| What is the CR angle for a AP foot? | 10 degrees |
| CR angulation for Axial calcaneus? | 40 degree towards the heel |
Created by:
Btran573