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The Renaissance
Key Ideas and Terms from the Renaissance Unit
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prince Henry's School of Navigation | school for Portuguese sailors; used to find a route to India |
| Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese sailor who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in southern Africa |
| Vasco de Gama | Portuguese sailor who sailed around Africa and made it to India |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian who sailed for Spain and discovered the New World in 1492 |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese sailor who sailed for Spain trying to become rich; crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe |
| Francis Drake | English sailor who became the first captain to successfully circumnavigate the globe |
| circumnavigate | to completely sail around the world |
| sailing instruments | astrolabe, compass, sextant, maps, triangular sails |
| realism | art technique where people and objects looked as real as possible |
| perspective | painting people and objects to look like they appear three dimensional |
| sfumato | art technique where lines are blurred or smokey |
| chiaroscuro | art technique where there are sharp contrasts between light and dark |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Italian artist, scientist, and inventor best know for painting the Mona Lisa and Last Supper and designing hundreds of machines. |
| foreshortening | art technique where people or objects are painted to appear at different angles to the viewer |
| absolutism | belief that a monarch had complete and total power |
| Louis XIV | king of France for 72 years, built Versailles |
| Frederick William | king of Prussia, known as the Soldier King |
| Frederick the Great | king of Prussia; wanted to be a philosopher king, tolerated all religions, encouraged art and music |
| Maria Theresa | Only Female Empress of Austria-Hungary, mother of 16, set up schools and hospitals |
| Joseph II | emperor of Austria-Hungary, ruled with his mother, abolished serfdom. |
| Peter the Great | emperor of Russia; built a navy and tried to westernize Russia |
| Catherine the Great | empress of Russia; established a school system encouraged advancements in literature, art, and music |
| divine right of kings | belief that a monarch has been chosen by God and answers only to Him |
| sale of indulgences | practice of the Catholic Church to offer forgiveness of sins if people paid money to the church |
| Martin Luther | German monk who wrote and posted the 95 Theses; a list of grievances against the Catholic Church |
| 95 Theses | list of complaints written by Martin Luther to protest the actions of the Catholic Church |
| Peter Waldo | French leader of the Poor of Lyon; was excommunicated by the Catholic Church |
| John Calvin | Swiss religious reformer who set up a strict religious theocracy in Switzerland |
| predestination | John Calvin's belief that God has a plan for everyone that cannot be changed |
| Huldrych Zwingili | Swiss religious reformer who set up a theocracy, but was defeated by a Catholic army |
| Henry VIII | English king who broke away from the Catholic Church to set up the Church of England because they wouldn't grant him a divorce |
| Henry VIII's wives | divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived |
| Anabaptists | believed in the separation of church and state; thought no one should be baptized until they were old enough to make their own decision |
| Council of Trent | meeting of the Catholic Church to decide how to handle the Protestant Reformation; decided to stick to what they had been doing and not make any compromises |
| Huguenots | protestants in France who fought against the Catholics |
| Edict of Nantes | granting of rights to the Huguenots in heavily-Catholic France |
| Thirty Years War | a series of wars between Catholics and Protestants in Europe between 1618-1648 |
| Peace (Treaty) of Westphalia | agreement to end the Thirty Years War and allow countries to choose their own religion |
| Protestant Reformation | series of events where different groups broke away from the Catholic Church and formed their own Christian religions |
| Magna Carta | great charter signed in 1215 by King John of England where written laws were put in place to limit the power of the monarch |
| English Civil War | war between the Cavaliers and Roundheads in England from 1642 to 1646 |
| Charles I | English king and leader of the Cavaliers who was executed during the English Civil War |
| Oliver Cromwell | leader of the Roundheads who defeated the Cavaliers in the English Civil War and became military dictator of England |
| Cavaliers | supporters of King Charles I in the English Civil War; wanted to preserve the monarch in England |
| Roundheads | supporters of Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War; wanted to end the monarchy in England |
| Charles II | King of England known as the merry monarch who restored the monarchy after Oliver Cromwell's death |
| Parliament | lawmakers who run the government in England |
| English Bill of Rights | set of laws adopted in England in 1689; the monarch cannot be a Catholic and basic rights given to people |
| Glorious Revolution | overthrow of James II; William and Mary became joint monarchs; kept England a protestant country |
| Johannes Gutenberg | invented movable type/printing press; printed the 42-line Bible |
| Nicholas Copernicus | Polish astronomer who believed in heliocentrism |
| Galileo Galilei | Italian scientist who developed telescopes, proved the theory of heliocentrism and was punished by the Catholic Church |
| Francis Bacon | English scientist and writer who helped develop the steps of the scientific method |
| Isaac Newton | English scientist and philosopher who developed the laws of gravity and motion; worked with calculus |
| Tycho Brahe | Danish astronomer who explained supernovas, built observatories |
| inventions of the Renaissance and Enlightenment | clocks, pocket watches, lenses, matches, blood transfusions, flush toilets |
| humanism | belief that all humans have self-worth and dignity; people should enjoy life and develop their skills and talents |
| vernacular | writing in the local language instead of just Greek or Latin; made books and other writings more accessible to common people |
| Vitruvian Man | drawing by Leonardo da Vinci using ratios and proportions of the human body |
| Transmission | The acquisition, or gathering, of new ideas |
| Trade | Way that new Ideas spread throughout Europe |
Created by:
spencer.fullmer