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Chapter 5 P.P.
Chapter 5: Physiological Psychology Lindsey Olsen
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a hormone? | A hormone is a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland that is conveyed by the bloodstream and regulates target organs or tissues. |
| ____ _____ is a gland that secretes products into the bloodstream to act on distant targets. | Endocrine gland |
| _____ ____ is a gland whose secretions exit the body via ducts. | Exocrine gland |
| _____ is the removal of the gonads, usually the testes. | Castration |
| _____ is the tendency for the internal environment to remain constant. | Homeostasis |
| What is neurocrine? | Neurocrine refers to secretory functions or neurons, especially pertaining to snyaptic transmission. |
| What is autocrine? | Autocrine refers to a signal that is secreted by a cell into its environment and that feeds back to the same cell. |
| ____ refers to cellular communication in which a chemical signal diffuses to nearby target cells through the intermediate extracellular space. | paracrine; the strongest impact is to the nearest cells. |
| ______ refers to glands that release chemicals to the interior of the body. These glands secrete the principal hormones. | Endocrine, a hormone is released into the bloodstream to distant target organs. |
| ______ is a chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other memebers of the same species. | Pheromone |
| ______ is a chemical signal that is released outside the body by one species and affects the behavior of other species. | Allomone |
| ____ _____ is an individual in which a particular gene has been disabled by an experimenter or "knocked out". | Knockout organism |
| ______ is chemical communication between neurons. | Neurotransmission |
| A neurosecretory cell or neuroendocrine cell is a neuron that releases ______ into local or systemic circulation. | Hormones |
| ____ is a peptide that is used by neurons for signaling. | Neuropeptide |
| This is a substance that influences the activity of synaptic transmitters. | Neuromodulator |
| Neural communication works somewhat like a _________ system. | Telephone |
| Hormonal Communication works more like a ______ _____ system: many different endocrine messages spread throughout the body and can be picked up by scattered cells that have receptors for them. | Radio broadcasting |
| T or F: Homonal messages are slower than neuronal messages. | True |
| T or F: Hormonal messages usually travel longer distances. | True |
| Hormone channels are analog, which means... | graded in strength |
| a ____ ____ is a class or homrones, molecules of which consist of a string of amino acids. | Protein or peptide hormones |
| ____ ____ is a class or hormones, each composed of a single amino acid that has been modified into a related molecule, such as melatonin or epinephrine. | Amine hormones |
| ____ _____ is a class or hormones, each of which is composed of four interconnected rings of carbon atoms. | Steroid hormones |
| Steroid hormones pass easily through the cell membranes, then it acts as a _______ ____, controlling the expression of specific genes, and alters the rate of expression of particular genes. | Transcription factor |
| T or F: Protein and amine hormones act slowly | False, fast acting |
| T or F: Steroid hormones act slowly. | true |
| This is a steroid receptor subtype, and has slight differences in structure that gives it different functional properties. | Receptor isoform |
| A ____ ____ _____ determine which genes will be regulated when the steroid hormone and its receptor reach the nucleus. | Steroid receptor cofactor |
| The stands for CBP, and is a transcriptional cofactor that works with CREB to regulate gene expression. | CREB-binding protein |
| ____ ____ is an effect of a steroid hormone that is not mediated by direct changes in gene expression. | Nongenomic effect |
| This is alteration of the actions of proteins, such as a receptor, by binding to an alternative location on the protein, distinct from the primary recognition site. | Allosteric modulation |
| ____ are steroids produced in the brain. | Neurosteroids |
| T or F: Hormonal systems do not just manafacture hormones, they also detect and evaluate the effects of a hormone. | true |
| ____ ____ is the property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce the effect of input signals. | negative feedback |
| _____ ____ is a class of anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of other endocrine glands. | Tropic hormones |
| _____ _____ is a class of hormones, produced in the hypothalamus, that traverse the hyopthalamic-pituitary portal system to control the pituitary's release of tropic hormones. | Releasing hormones |
| This is a small, complex endocrine gland located in a socket at the base of the skull. | Pituitary gland |
| This is located at the front of the pituitary gland; secretes tropic hormones. | Anterior pituitary gland |
| This is the rear division of the pituitary gland. | Posterior pituitary |
| The _____ _____ or infundibulum is a thin piece of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. | Pituitary stalk |
| ____ is a hormone, relased from the posterior pituitary, that triggers milk letdown in the nursing female. | Oxytocin |
| This is a hormone that promotes water conservation and a peptide hormone from the posterior pituitary. | Vasopressin or arginine vasopressin |
| This is a reflexive release of milk in response to suckling, or to stimuli associated with suckling. | The milk letdown reflex |
| The axons of these neuroendocrine cells converge on the _____ _____. | median eminence. |
| What is the median eminence? | It if the midline feature on the base of the brain marking the point at which the infundibulum exits from the hypothalamus to connect to the pituitary. Contains elements of the hypophyseal portal system. |
| _____ ____ _____ is a duplex system of capillaries spanning between the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus and the secretory tissue of the anterior pituitary. | Hypophyseal Portal System |
| This hormone controls the production and release of hormones of the adrenal cortex. | ACTH-Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| This hormone increases the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland and markedly affects thyroid gland size. | TSH-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone |
| _____ is an anterior pituitary hormone that selectively stimulates the cells of the gonads to produce sex steriods and gametes. | Gonadotropin |
| This is a gonadotropin, and is named for its actions on ovarian follicles. | Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
| Ths is a gonadotropin, named for its stimulatory effects on the ovarian corpora lutea. | Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| This structure secretes the sex steroid hormone progesterone. | Corpora Lutea |
| _____ is a protein hormone, produced by the anterior pituitary, that promotes mammary development for lactation in female mammals. | Prolactin |
| This is also called somatrotropin, and is a tropic hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary, that influences the growth of cells and tissues. | Growth Hormone (GH) |
| _____ ____ is a reducted stature caused by stress early in life that inhibits deep sleep. | Psychosocial dwarfism |
| _____ is a group of proteins, released from the liver in response to growth hormone, that aid body growth and maintenance. | Somatomedins |
| This gland is an endocrine gland that sits atop of the kidneys. | adrenal gland |
| This is the outer rind of the adrenal gland. | Adrenal cortex |
| this is the inner core of the adrenal gland | Adrenal Medulla |
| Epinephrine or ______ is a compound that acts both as a hormone and as a synaptic transmitter. | adrenaline |
| _____ or noradrenaline is a synaptic transmitter that is produced mainly in brainsteam nuclei and in the adrenal medulla. | noradrenaline |
| this is also called adrenal steroids, it is a class of steroid hormones that are secreted by the adrenal cortex. | Adrenocorticoids |
| _____ is a class of steroid hormones, released by the adrenal cortex, that affect carbohydrate metabolism and inflammation. | Glucocorticoids |
| _____ is a glucocorticoid stress hormone of the adrenal cortex. | cortisol |
| this is a class of steriod hormones, released by the adrenal cortex, that affect ion concentrations in body tissues. | Mineralocorticoids |
| ______ is a mineralocorticoid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that induces the kidneys to conserve sodium ions. | Aldosterone |
| ____ ____ are steroid hormones secreted by the gonads: androgens, estrogens, and progestins. | sex steriods |
| This is the chief sex hormone secreted by the human adrenal cortex. | Androstenedione |
| T or F: The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland located in the gonads that regulates cellular metabolism throughtout the body. | false, located in the throat |
| _____ is a hormone released by the thyroid gland. | Thyroxine |
| ______ is a thyroid hormone. | Triidothyronine |
| What is TRH? | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, a hypothalamic hormone that regulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary. |
| What is a goiter? | A swelling of the thyriod gland resulting from iodine deficiency. |
| _____ is reduced stature and mental retardation caused by thyroid deficiency during early development. | Cretinism |
| What are the gonads? | the sexual organs (ovaries in females, testes in males) which produce gametes for reproduction. |
| _____ are the male gonads, which produce sperm and androgenic steroid hormones. | testes |
| _____ is a hormone, produced by male gonads, that controls a variety of boily changes that become visible at puberty. | testosterone |
| ____ is a class of hormones that includes testosterone and other male hormones. | androgens |
| What is GnRH? | A hypothalamic hormone that controls the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary. stands for gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
| What are the ovaries? | The female gonads, which produce eggs for reproduction. |
| _____ is a major class of steroid hormones produced by the ovary, including progesterone. | progestins |
| _____ is a class of steroid hormones produced by the female gonads. | Estrogens |
| ______ is the primary type of estrogen that is secreted by the ovary. | Estradiol |
| _______ is the primary type of estrogen that is secreted by the ovary. | Progesterone |
| This is a birth control pill, typically consisting of steroid hormones to prevent ovulation. | Oral contraceptive |
| what is GnIH? | Stands for Gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone, it is a hypothalmic peptide hormone that acts to reduce gonadotropic secretion by inhibiting the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. |
| _____ is a hypothalamic peptide hormone that acts to increase gonadotropin secretion by facilitating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. | Kisspeptin |
| ____ _____ is a secretory gland in the brain midline; the source of melatonin release. | Pineal gland |
| _____ is an amine hormone that is released by the pineal gland. | Melatonin |
| What is the pancreas? | An endocrine gland, located near the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, that secretes insulin and glucagon. |
| _____ of _____ are clusters of cells in the pancreas that release two hormones (insulin and glucagon) with opposite effects on glucose utilization. | Islets of Langerhans |
| What is insulin? | A hormone, released by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, that lowers blood glucose. |
| _____ is a hormone, released by the aplpha cells in the islets of Langerhans, that increases blood glucose. | Glucagon |
| This is a condition in which levels of adrenal glucocorticoids are abnormally high. | Cushing's syndrome |
Created by:
lindsey.olsen