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Radiation Protection
Rad protection chapter 10 and 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ____ makes recommendations on occupational and public dose limits. | ICRP |
| _____ effects are nonthreshold. | stochastic |
| The _____ concept states that radiation exposure should be kept "as low as reasonably achievable." | ALARA |
| The _____ is the watchdog of the nuclear energy industry. | NRC |
| What commission controls the manufacture and use of radiation substances? | NRC |
| The ____ develops and enforces regulations pertaining to the control of environmental radiation. | EPA |
| The ______ regulates the design and manufacture of products used in the radiation industry. | U.S. FDA |
| _____ monitors the workplace and regulates occupational exposure to radiation. | OSHA |
| Who is responsible for developing a radiation safety program for healthcare facility? | RSO |
| What personnel maintains radiation-monitoring records and provides counseling in radiation safety? | RSO |
| What dose is used in the description of population or group exposure from low doses of different sources of ionizing radiation? | Collective effective dose |
| The NCRP has established an annual occupational EfD limit of: | 50 mSv |
| The NCRP has established a lifetime EfD that does not exceed ___ times the occupationally exposed person's age in years | 10 |
| Serious radiation-induced responses may be classified as either having _____ or ______ effects. | deterministic, stochastic |
| What effect has a threshold? | Deterministic |
| Leakage radiation from the tube housing measured at 1m from the x-ray source must NOT exceed ____ Gya/hr (_____mR/hr) when the tube is operated at its highest voltage at the highest current that allows continuous operation. | 1, 100 |
| Where must the control panel be located? | Behind protective barrier |
| What indicator must be on the radiographic equipment? | SID indicator |
| Radiographic grids _____ patient dose in radiography. | increase |
| The patients skin surface should always be at least ____cm below the collimator to minimize exposure to the epidermis. | 15 |
| How many mm of aluminum equivalent is required for inherent filters? | 0.5mm |
| For inherent and added filtration combined gives you what kind of filtration? | Total filtration |
| Stationary x-ray units operating above 70 kVp are required to have a total filtration of ____mm aluminum equivalent. | 2.5mm |
| This measures to determine whether an x-ray beam is adequately filtered. | HVL (half value layer) |
| The nuclear regulatory commission (NRC) is formerly known as: | Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) |
| ____ enforces radiation protection regulations through their respective health departments. | Agreement states |
| Facilitates the development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment. | EPA |
| Functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, predominantly in industry. | OSHA |
| Conducts an ongoing product radiation control program, regulating the design and manufacture of electronic products, including x-ray equipment. | U.S. FDA |
| Oversees the nuclear energy industry, enforces radiation protection standards | NRC |
| Biological somatic effects of ionizing radiation that can be directly related to the dose received is know as ____ effects. | Deterministic |
| Deterministic effects typically occur only after ____ doses of radiation | Large |
| Erythema, blood changes, epilate on, are what types of effects? | early deterministic effects |
| Cataract formation, fibrosis, organ atrophy, loss of parenchyma cells, reduced fertility and sterility are what types of effects? | Late deterministic effects |
| Cancer is what type of effect? | Stochastic |
| Mutagenesis is what type of effect? | Genetic (hereditary) effects |
| What is the weighting factor for bone surface and skin? | 0.01 |
| What is the weighting factor for bladder, breast, liver, esophagus, thyroid? | 0.05 |
| What is the weighting factor for red bone marrow, colon, lung and stomach? | 0.12 |
| What is the weighting factor for gonads? | 0.20 |
| The greatest risk for radiation-induced mental retardation occurs typically when the embryo-fetus was exposed __ to __ weeks after conception. | 8 to 15 |
| The tissue weighting factor indicates the ratio of the risk of ____ effects attributable to irradiation of a given organ or tissue to the total risk when the whole body is uniformly irradiated. | Stochastic |
| What are the three types of limitation devices? | Aperture diaphragms, cones, cylinders |
| ____ is all the radiation that arises from the interaction of an x-ray beam with atoms of a patient or any other object in the path of the beam. | Scatter radiation |
| When the size of the field is restricted to only include an atomic structures of interest, the patients dose is significantly ____ because a smaller field size produces less scatter radiation | Lowered. |
| Luminance refers to | Brightness of a surface |
| The primary unit of luminance is ___ per square meter. | Candela |
| What skin dose limit will the FDA recommend notation in patients record? | 1-2 Gy |
| What is high level control fluoroscopy (HLFC) | High radiation exposures to see small structures and low contrast objects |
| When would high level control fluoroscopy (HLCF) be employed? | Invasive or interventional procedures |
| What is the federal limit for entrance skin exposure when using an image intensifier? | 100 mGya per minute (10R/min) |
| What is the required thickness of the primary barrier around the image intensifier? | 2 mm aluminum equivalent |
| What is the benefit of a cumulative timing device? | Let’s the radiologist know how long the patient receives exposure for each fluoroscopy exam. |
| How long will the cumulative timing device allow the fuoroscope to be activated before an audible alarm is activated? | 5 minutes |
| What is the affect on patient dose when a magnified field is used in fluoroscopy? | Increase magnification, increase resolution, increase dose |
| How do conventional (film screen) systems compare to cr imaging systems when using a grid? | Dr systems are more sensitive to scatter |
| What is the requirement for source to skin distance in mobile radiography? | 12 inches (30 cm) |
| How will increasing grid ratios affect patient dose? | It will increase because it absorbs some of the primary beam |
| Consistency in output radiation intensity at any selected kVp settings when generator settings are changed from one mA to another | linearity |
| What is the acceptable variance in linearity | Cannot exceed 10% |
| Consistency in output in radiation intensity for identical generator settings from one individual exposure to subsequent exposure. | reproducibility |
| what is the acceptable variance in reproducibility? | 5% or less |
| Thickness of designated absorber (alumminum) required to decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value. | half value layer |
| How will the HVL affect the primary beam? | Hardens the beam |
| What is a benefit of filtration? | Reduces patient dose (exposure), and increases quality |
| Electronic sensors in an image receptor holder that sends signals to the collimator housing and automatically adjusts field sizes is known as: | PBL |
| What are the standards for accuracy with PBL? | 2% of SID w/ PBL required for accuracy |
| What is the limit for the collimator light compared to the radiographic beam difference? | light beam must not exceed 2% of the SID |
| How can beam limiting devices be constructed to limit patient exposure to off focus radiation? | upper lead shutters |
| List two reasons for using beam limiting devices | Controls scatter and reduces patient dose |
| Source to IR distance indicator must have an accuracy limit of ___%? | 1% |
| What indicates to the operator of a room emitting radiation? | Audible sound and must be on the control panel readout. |
| What indicators are present that allows the radiographer to assess exposure conditions? | mA and kVp panel (control panel) readouts |
| Wht is the limit for leaking radiation when the tube is operated at the highest voltage and highest current possible? | 1 mGy/ hr (100 mR/hr) |
Created by:
Kdobson