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Advantages & Disadvantages of conventional oil (petroleum, crude oil)
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Environmental issues of oil sand production
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APES Ch 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Advantages & Disadvantages of conventional oil (petroleum, crude oil) | Advantages- Ample supply, low cost, high net energy yield, efficient distribution system Disadvantages- Large government subsidies, environmental costs not included in market price, pollution of air and water |
| Environmental issues of oil sand production | Toxic mine tailings, drained wetlands, clear cutting, degrades forests |
| OPEC | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries |
| Radioactive waste | Particles from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethal to people and must therefore be safely stored for thousands of years. After 10 half-lives, lives they are usually safe |
| Natural gas | mixture of which 50 to 90 percent is methane (also contains gaseous hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane, butane, and hydrogen sulfide) |
| Oil sand/tar sand | a mixture of clay, sand, water, and bitumen; Oh, Canada! |
| Surface vs subsurface mining | Subsurface: Extraction of a metal ore or fuel resource from a deep underground deposit; occupational hazards, acid mine drainage Surface: Removing soil, subsoil, and other strata and then extracting a mineral deposit sounds fairly close to Earth’s surfac |
| Petroleum (crude oil) | thick gooey liquid consisting of hundreds of combustible hydrocarbons and sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities |
| Electricity generation | Energy from coal combustion converts water into steam, which turns a turbine. Turbine turns a generator, which produces electricity. |
| Cogeneration | the production of two useful forms of energy from one source ex. Heat from a waste incinerator is used to make electricity |
| Renewable energy vs Nonrenewable energy | Renewable energy- from sources that are constantly being formed or have an unlimited supply Nonrenewable energy- Resource with a finite amount (fossil fuels) |
| Fission vs fusion | Fission- splitting of an atom to release energy; used today in nuclear power plants, Uranium 235 is fuel of choice. Fusion- The joining of atoms to release energy; sun & stars; technology is still not ready for every day use. |
| Advantages & disadvantages of nuclear energy | Advantages- Large fuel supply, low environmental impact, no CO2 emissions Disadvantages- Risk of catastrophic accident, nuclear waste storage, subject to terrorist attacks |
| Three major nuclear disasters | Three Mile Island (1979) in Pennsylvania Chernobyl (1986) in the Soviet Union Fukushima (2011) in Japan |
| Fuel rods vs control rods | Fuel rods- large numbers of uranium dioxide pallets are packed into these close pipes, which are grouped together by fuel assemblies Control rods- devices that are moved in and out of the reactor core to absorb neutrons, regulating the rate of fission a |
| Coal | a solid fossil fuel that was formed in several stages out of swamps/landplants (300 to 400 million years old) and subjected to intense heat and pressure |
| Advantages & disadvantages of coal | Advantages- Low cost, ample supplies, high net energy yield Disadvantages- severe land disturbance and pollution, large, radioactive particles/toxic mercury emissions |
| Yucca Mountain | Planned storage site for nuclear waste in Nevada; near Las Vegas |
| Commercial energy sources vs. subsistence energy sources | Commercial- An energy source that is bought and sold Subsistence- Energy sources gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs |
| Stages of coal: Peat, Lignite, Bituminous, Anthracite | Peat- Pre-coal, Used as a source of heat, very little hydrocarbons, great deal of water. Very smoky when burned Lignite- First stage of true coal. Least amount of hydrocarbons, good amount of water. Bituminous- Second stage, 85% hydrocarbons, most widel |
| Hubbert Cave | Bell shaped curve representing oil use |
| Surface Mining & Reclamation Act of 1977 | US Congress recognized the need to regulate mining activity, rehabilitate abandoned mines, and protect society and the environment from the adverse affects of mining operations Requires mining companies to restore most surface mined land by grading and re |
| Fossil fuels | energy derived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago. The three main ones are coal, oil, and natural gas |
| Radioactive half life | Time required for one half of the atoms of a radioisotope to emit radiation and decay products ex. Half life for uranium-238 is 4.5 billion years |
Created by:
Emmasingstx