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Bio test 2 chapters
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The primary cell wall of plants is made of __________ | cellulose and gelatinous polysaccharides |
| found between plant cell walls | middle lamella |
| found between epithelial cells in animals, forms watertight seals | tight junctions |
| found between epithelial cells, links cytoskeletons of adjacent cells | desmosomes |
| G proteins are activated when ________. | they bind to GTP |
| activation of a hormone receptor causes an increase in Ca2+ levels, which causes activation of an enzyme that produces nitric oxide. Nitric oxide then activates another enzyme that makes cGMP. Based on this description,nitric oxide could be considered | second messenger. |
| How are receptor tyrosine kinase signals deactivated | Phosphatases remove phosphate groups from activated proteins. |
| Which of the following statements about the extracellular matrix in organisms is true? | The extracellular layer is a fiber composite that provides strength. |
| What causes turgor pressure in plant cells? | osmosis of water into the plant cell due to the higher concentration of solutes inside the cell |
| Which of the following would you expect to be true of plant species that don't produce lignin | These plants do not produce wood |
| Integrins have binding sites for _____. | actin and fibronectin |
| Which of the following cell types is likely to contain tight junctions? | cells lining the stomach that prevent nutrients from leaking out |
| If the cells of adult sponges from differently pigmented species A, B, and C were dissociated and then mixed together in a culture dish, what would happen? | Adult sponges will re-form into species A, B, and C. |
| Which of the following statements about cell–cell attachments is true? | Desmosomes link the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells. |
| Which of the following are shared by adjacent plant and animal cells? | ions |
| Which of the following statements about signal receptors is false? | Each type of receptor can be found on all cell types, though more than one type of receptor can occur on a single cell. |
| Predict which receptor type contains a DNA-binding domain, allowing it to bind DNA, and a direct-change gene expression when activated. | steroid hormone receptor |
| Predict what would happen if a mutant Ras protein was unable to exchange GDP for GTP. | The proteins downstream from Ras would not become phosphorylated. |
| A phosphorylation cascade amplifies a signal by _____. | allowing each enzyme in the cascade to catalyze a large number of reactions |
| What is the correct order for the four steps in signal transduction? | reception, processing, response, deactivation |
| Signal receptors for hydrophilic and lipid-soluble hormones are similar in which of the following ways? | Both receptor types change shape upon hormone binding. |
| What is the purpose of using multiple steps in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, rather than a single step, to convert glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide and water? | The multistep approach makes better use of the potential energy in the reaction. |
| Consider the reaction CH4 (methane) plus O2 yields CO2 plus H2O plus energy. Which of the following is true? | Methane acts as an electron donor |
| If ATP hydrolysis took place in an acidic solution such that it no longer carried negative charges, predict how the free energy released would change. | Less free energy will be released. |
| When a protein gets phosphorylated, _____. | the protein may change its shape |
| Which conversion is accomplished during the reactions of glycolysis? | conversion of glucose to pyruvate |
| One of the purposes of the Krebs cycle is to _____. | reduce NAD+ |
| Which of the following statements about ATP synthesis in prokaryotes is true? | They oxidize NADH on the plasma membrane |
| In the Buchner experiment, why did boiling of the yeast extract prevent the processing of sugar? | Proteins were denatured |
| Why is a different enzyme involved in each step of glycolysis? | Each step involves a different chemical reaction. |
| Which of the following compounds inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase via feedback inhibition? | NADH |
| If glucose is fully labeled with 14C, what molecule will become radioactive as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are completed? | carbon dioxide |
| Under which conditions will the Krebs cycle be activated? | high levels of AMP |
| Which of the following is true of NADH and FADH2? | .NADH has more potential energy than FADH2 |
| A proton ionophore, a molecule that forms an artificial channel allowing hydrogen ions to cross membranes, will _____ the concentration of ATP in a cell. | decrease |
| If a cell is treated with a drug that inhibits ATP synthase, the pH in the mitochondrial matrix will _____. | increase |
| According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, ATP can be produced without an electron transport chain as long as which conditions are met (assume ADP and Pi are available in all conditions)? | Membrane-embedded ATP synthase and a proton motive force are present |
| If oxygen is removed from a human muscle cell, the concentration of lactate will _____. | increase |
| Painful muscle fatigue in a runner may be caused by the products of _____. | fermentation |
| Which of the following is an anabolic reaction? | synthesis of a protein from amino acids |
| Glucose can be converted to fatty acid, but fatty acid cannot be converted to glucose. What does this observation suggest? | Conversion of acetyl CoA to pyruvate does not occur significantly in cells. |
| Van Niel's experiments with purple sulfur bacteria led to which of the following hypotheses? | During plant photosynthesis, the oxygen gas released comes from water. |
| Why is it possible for the Calvin cycle to occur in the dark? | The Calvin cycle uses energy stored previously during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. |
| During photosynthesis, which of the following states is attained? | Light energy is used to raise the potential energy of electrons. |
| Predict the color of a pigment that absorbs light of green, yellow, and red wavelengths. | The pigment will appear blue. |
| Why are summer leaves green, even though carotenoids are present? | During summer, chlorophyll is more abundant than carotenoids in leaves. |
| Chlorophyll consists of a magnesium-containing head and a long hydrophobic, hydrocarbon tail. Why is the tail region important to the molecule's function? | The tail region anchors chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane. |
| Why is the chemical reduction of an electron acceptor in the photosynthetic reaction center important to plant function? | It allows the energy of absorbed light to be trapped and converted to chemical energy. |
| What is the evidence for two photosystems? | The combination of light at 680 nm and 700 nm is much more effective in stimulating photosynthesis than is either wavelength alone. |
| Why is pheophytin an important component of photosystem II? | It transforms light energy by acting as the initial electron acceptor. |
| The biochemical outcome of the activity of photosystem I is to _____. | reduce NADP+ |
| Electrons excited by the absorption of light in photosystem I are transferred to iron-sulfur electron acceptors and therefore must be replaced. The replacement electrons come directly from _____. | plastocyanin |
| Electrons excited by absorption of light in photosystem II are transferred to plastoquinone, and therefore must be replaced. The replacement electrons come from _____. | water |
| The Calvin cycle uses six ATP molecules to produce one 3-carbon sugar (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, 3GP) from RuBP and carbon dioxide. Yet the Calvin cycle actually requires nine ATP molecules to function. Why? | Three additional ATP molecules are used to regenerate RuBP. |
| Based on the number of ATP and NADPH molecules required for sugar synthesis, what must be true of photosystems I and II and ATP synthase, relative to rubisco? | They must generate product faster than rubisco does. |
| Why is it critical for plants to maintain a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the leaves? | It helps prevent photorespiration. |
| Rubisco differs from PEP carboxylase in that _____. | rubisco can use oxygen gas as a substrate |
| The sequestering of carbon dioxide in CAM plants helps them to survive by _____. | allowing carbon dioxide to be gathered and used at different times of the day |
| How do CAM plants differ from C3 plants? | Each night, CAM plants open their stomata, take in huge quantities of CO2, store the molecules in the form of sugars, and sequester them in their central vacuoles. |
| If ATP levels drop in a leaf, what molecule will likely accumulate? | 3-phosphoglycerate |
| What do Eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells lack? | nucleus |
| According to _________ species fall into two broad catagories known as prokaryotes and eukaryotes | morphology |
| According to ____________ organisms fall into three broad groups ; bacteria, archea, and eukarya | phylogeny |
| cytoplasm means ___________ | "cell formed" |
| Why is the cytoplasm hypertonic relative to its environment? | Because it contains a large amount of solutes |
| What does it mean to say the cytoplasm is hypertonic? | water enters the cell via osmosis and makes the cells volume expand. |
| Describe bacterial and achael cell walls | tough, fibrous layer that surrounds the plasma membrane |
| Lipids that contain carbs are called ___________ | glycolipids |
| What is the most prominant stucture in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell? | chromosome |
| Where are prokaryotic chromosomes found in the cell? | nucleoid |
| The nucleoid represents about ____ percent of the cells volume | 20 |
| how does the DNA double helix fit into the cell? | it coils itself with the aid of enzymes to form a highly compact super structure |
| _________ contain genes, but are physically independent of the main cellular chromosome | plasmids |
| When are plasmids typically used? | to help cells adapt to unusual conditions like the presence of poison. plasmids are auxilary genetic elements. |
| what is the primary job of ribosomes? | manufacturing proteins |
| What do flagella do? | rotate to power swimming in aquatic species |
| Where are ribosomes found? | throughout the cytoplasm in a prokaryotic cells |
| All cells contain which three structures? | chromosome, ribosomes, cell membrane |
| Which of the following statements describes a fundamental difference between plant cells and animal cells? | Animal cells do not have chloroplasts |
| What is the molecular basis for the differing functions of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum? | The proteins present in each are different |
| large carbohydrate tagged with a fluorescent marker and placed in the extracellular environment surrounding eukaryotic cell.The cell ingests carbohydrate via endocytosis.Upon viewing cells with microscope,which structure is fluorescently labeled | lysosomes |
| After lysing eukaryotic cells, the fragmented contents are centrifuged. After centrifugation, what cell components will be nearest the top of the centrifuge tube? | cytoplasmic proteins |
| You have discovered a new type of animal cell and view it under the electron microscope. You discern many peroxisomes, more than in other cell types. Which of the following is a reasonable assumption? | This cell type is specialized for oxidizing molecules |
| Which of the following is true of the nucleus? | It is surrounded by a double membrane. |
| Gold particles below a certain size limit that are injected into the cytoplasm can later be observed in the nucleus. This suggests which of the following? | Molecules below a certain size can diffuse nonselectively through the nuclear pore complex |
| There are hundreds, if not thousands, of proteins that are specifically localized to the nucleus of cells. What is likely to be true about transport of these proteins into the nucleus? | Proteins specifically localized to the nucleus must have the same or a similar nuclear localization signal that directs them to the nucleus. |
| A protein lacking a signal sequence directing it to a particular location in a cell will likely reside _____. | in the cytoplasm |
| Which of the following accurately represents how intermediate filaments differ from actin filaments and microtubules? | Only intermediate filaments play a purely structural role. |
| The mixing of purified microtubules with transport vesicles and ATP does not result in movement of the vesicles. Why? | Kinesin is missing. |
| What do myosin, dynein, and kinesin all have in common? | They all hydrolyze ATP to provide energy for movement. |
| the plasma membrane around a flagellum is opened to reveal the axoneme inside. The radial spokes connecting the peripheral microtubule doublets to the central pair are then broken by chemical treatment.ATP is added. What is the expected observation? | There will be no movement, because the ability to use ATP is lost. |
| Suppose plasma membrane around flagellum is opened to reveal axoneme inside. The radial spokes connecting the peripheral microtubule doublets to the central pair are then broken by chemical treatment. ATP is then added. What is the expected observation? | The axoneme will elongate. |
| ________ is the suite in chemical rxns responsible for converting the energy in sunlight into the chemical energy in sugars | photosynthesis |
| Recent research has shown that all ____ contain long, thin fibers that serve a structural role in the cell | bacteria and archea |
| What forms the basis of the cytoskeleton? | proteins |
| What are the four outstanding differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes | 1.eukaryotic chromosomes are found inside the nucleus 2. eukaryotic cells are larger,3.eukaryotic cells contain extensive amounts of internal membrane,3.eukaryotic cells have a diverse cytoskeleton |
| what structure occurs in plant cells but not animal cells? | cell wall |
| what structure occurs in animal cells but not plant cells? | centrioles |
| What is the downside to the evolution of large cells? | small molecules such as atp, amino acids and nucleotides cannot diffuse fast across cells |
| In prokaryotic cells, ions and molucules arrive through ___________ | diffusion |
| How do eukaryotic cells solve the problem of being large? | compartmentalization into small compartments or organelles |
| What are the 2 key advantages of compartmentalizing in eukarayotic cells? | incompatable chemical reactions can be separated, and chemical reactions become more efficient |
| What encloses the nucleus? | nuclear envelope |
| what do the nuclear lamina do for the nucleus? | stiffen structure and maintain shape |
| What happens to chromosomes in the nucleus? | the occupy a distinct location, usually attached to the nuclear lamina |
| when translated, what does endoplasmic reticulum mean?? | inside formed network |
| What attaches itself to the rough ER? | ribosomes |
| What is the interior of the rough ER called? | lumen |
| The Golgi apparatus has two sides; the cis and the trans. The ___ side recieves products from the rough ER, while the ________side ships them out towards the cell surface. | cis/trans |
| What does the smooth ER contain? | enzymes that catalize reaction involving lipids |
| Where is the genetic information of the cell stored? | nucleus |
| The structural framework in a cell is the | cytoskeleton |
| Where in a cell is ATP made | mitochondria |
| What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm? | mRNA |
| One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by | ribosomes |
| Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system? | golgi apparatus |
| Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles? | lysosomes |
| Where are lipids made in the cell? | smoothe ER |
| What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell? | plasma membrane |
| Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell? | mitochondrion |
| The plant cell wall is | is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils. |
| Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole? | storing compounds produced by the cell |
| _____ are found only in plant cells, but _____ are found in both plant and animal cells. | Central vacuoles; ribosomes |
| Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast? | converts light energy into chemical energy |
| ___________ are the sight of oxidation reactions | peroxisomes |
| the major structures involved in solid waste processing and materials storage in the cell are called __________ | lysosomes |
| phagocytosis literally means ______ | eat-cell-act |
| ___ is when the plasma membrane surrounds a smaller cell and eats it forming a food vacuole | phagocytosis |
| Why is it significant that vesicles from the Golgi apparatus fuse with earlyendosomes? | The early endosomes acquire digestive enzymes from the vesicles from the Golgi apparatus.The early endosomes develop into late endosomes and eventually lysosomes, which need these enzymesto perform their digestive function. |
| Why are toxins such as nicotine, cocaine, and caffeine stored in vacuoles insteadof the cytosol? | Storing the toxins in vacuoles prevents the toxins from damaging the plant’s own organelles and cells. |
| About what percentage of this cell’s volume is taken up by the vacuole? | 30% |
| Is the cell wall inside or outside of the plasma membrane? | the cell wall is outside the plasma membrane |
| 1) Predict what happens to proteins that lack an ER signal sequence. | Proteins that lack a signal sequence will not be delivered to the ER. Their synthesis occursentirely on free-floating ribosomes, and therefore these proteins are released into the cytosol, where theyperform their specific function. |
| Predict the outcome of an experiment where secreted proteins are placed inside vesicles with a zipcode associated with shipment to lysosomes. | if protein are supposed 2 b secreted are packaged into vesicles with zip codeassociated with shipment 2 lysosomes,its reasonable 2 predict that proteins would b sent 2 & digested by lysosomes stead of plasma membrane where they would normally b secreted |
| Where is most ATP produced? | in the mitochondri |
| What are the main functions of lysosomes? | digesting and recycling |
| What is the main function of pyroxisomes | processing fatty acids |
| What is the main function of mitochondrion | ATP production |
| Proteins that are synthesized in the cytosol contain a DNA | zip code |
| who did the pulse chase experiment? | george palade |
| How do proteins enter the endo membrane system? | have a zip code and nuclear localization symbol |
| What is the cytoskeletal element with the smallest diameter? | microfilaments |
| when do actin filaments form? | when individual actin molecules polymerize |
| Actin filaments have a plus and a minus end. At which end do they tend to grow the fastest? | the plus end |
| Actin filaments are also involved in movement when they join what specialized protein? | myosin |
| cell division in animals is known as | cytokenesis |
| Each intemediate filament is | identical |
| What does the flexible skeleton that intermediate filaments form do | helps shape the cell surface and hold the nucleus in place |
| What polymerizes to form large microtubules? | tubulin |
| In function, microtubules are similar to actin filiments. how do microtubules function? | provide stability and are involved in movement |
| what moves through cells along microtubules? | transport vesicles |
| kenisen means | to move...found in the squid experiment about microtubules |
| which molecule was compared to a delivery truck, carrying transport vessicles along microtubule track? | kinesin |
| bacterial flagella are made of a protein called | flagellin; move like a propeller |
| eukaryotic flagella are made of | microtubules;move back an forth surrounded by the plasma membrane |
| how do flagella and cilia differ? | flagella are longer than cilia and there are fewer flagella than cilia |
| Which of the following best describes a nuclear envelope? | it is continuous with the endomembrane system |
| What is a nuclear localization signal? | a signal built into a protein that directs it to the nucleus |
| which of the following is not true of secreted proteins? | they are transported from the Golgi to the ER |
| molecular zip codes direct molecules to particular destinations in the cell. how are these codes read? | they bind to receptor proteins |
| Why are fiber composites particularly rugged? | because of tension and compression resisting elements |
| What do pectins do for the cell wall? | hold large amounts of water to keep it moist |
| How does water usually enter the cell? | Via osmosis |
| What does turgor pressure do to the cell wall? | forces it to elongate and expand |
| all animal cells excrete what fiber? | extracellular matrix |
| What is one of the ECM s most important function | structural support |
| Why does the ECM provide such great support? | protein filaments and a polysaccharide gel |
| what is the linkage between the cytoskeleton and the ECM | keeps individual cells in place and helps adjavent cells to adhere to each other via there common connection in the ECM |
| In your bodya and in multicellularity, individual cells are grouped together in | tissues |
| What is the central layer that connects the primary cell walls of adjacent cells called? | middle lamella |
| WHy do animal cells attach to each other in a selective manner? | different types of cell adhesion proteins can bind and rivet certain cells together |
| what is the key feature in a gap junction | specialized proteins that creat channels between cells |
| What is the composition of a hormone? | small and present in minute concentrations, but they have a large impact on target cells |
| why are the signal receptors that respond to steroid hormones located inside the cell while most receptors are located in the plasma membrane? | steriod hormones are lipid soluble and thus ready to diffuse across the plasma membrane |
| why are the signal receptors that respond to steroid hormones located inside the cell while most receptors are located in the plasma membrane? | steriod hormones are lipid soluble and thus ready to diffuse across the plasma membrane |
| What is the most important characteristic of signal receptors? | their physical conformation changes when a hormone binds to them. meaning that a signal has been recieved |
| What is the most important characteristic of signal receptors? | their physical conformation changes when a hormone binds to them. meaning that a signal has been recieved |
| what happens during signal transduction | an extracellular cell in converted into an intracellular cell |
| what happens during signal transduction | an extracellular cell in converted into an intracellular cell |
| Where does signal transduction occur? | in the plasma membrane |
| Where does signal transduction occur? | in the plasma membrane |
| How do G proteins work in signal transduction | trigger the production of intracellular (second) messenger |
| How do G proteins work in signal transduction | trigger the production of intracellular (second) messenger |
| How do enzyme linked receptors work in signal transduciton | trigger activation of a series of proteins inside the cell through the addition of phosphate groups |
| How do enzyme linked receptors work in signal transduciton | trigger activation of a series of proteins inside the cell through the addition of phosphate groups |
| During signal transduction, what causes a protein to change shape? | ATP binds to a protein |
| During signal transduction, what causes a protein to change shape? | ATP binds to a protein |
| Why is the original signal in a phosphorilation cascade amplified many times over? | because each enzyme cascade catalyzes that phosphorilation of numerous downstream enzymes |
| Which of the following statements represents a fundemental difference between the fibers found in the extracellular layers of plants and those of animals? | Animal fibers consist of proteins, plant fibers consist of polysaccharides instead |
| In animals, where are most components of the extracellular material synthesized | The rough ER and the golgi apparatus |
| Treating dissociated cells with certain antibodies makes the cells unable to reaggrigate . why? | The antibodies bind to cell adhesion proteins called cadherins |
| what does it mean to say the signal is transduced? | The physical form of the signal changes between the outside of the cell and the inside |
| why are the signal receptors that respond to steroid hormones located inside the cell while most receptors are located in the plasma membrane? | steriod hormones are lipid soluble and thus ready to diffuse across the plasma membrane |
| What is the most important characteristic of signal receptors? | their physical conformation changes when a hormone binds to them. meaning that a signal has been recieved |
| what happens during signal transduction | an extracellular cell in converted into an intracellular cell |
| Where does signal transduction occur? | in the plasma membrane |
| How do G proteins work in signal transduction | trigger the production of intracellular (second) messenger |
| How do enzyme linked receptors work in signal transduciton | trigger activation of a series of proteins inside the cell through the addition of phosphate groups |
| During signal transduction, what causes a protein to change shape? | ATP binds to a protein |
| Why is the original signal in a phosphorilation cascade amplified many times over? | because each enzyme cascade catalyzes that phosphorilation of numerous downstream enzymes |
| Which of the following statements represents a fundemental difference between the fibers found in the extracellular layers of plants and those of animals? | Animal fibers consist of proteins, plant fibers consist of polysaccharides instead |
| In animals, where are most components of the extracellular material synthesized | The rough ER and the golgi apparatus |
| Treating dissociated cells with certain antibodies makes the cells unable to reaggrigate . why? | The antibodies bind to cell adhesion proteins called cadherins |
| what does it mean to say the signal is transduced? | The physical form of the signal changes between the outside of the cell and the inside |
| why are tight junctions found in only certain types of tissues, while desmosome are found in a wide variety of cells | Tight junctions are found only in epithelial cells that must be watertight |
| what physical events represents the receipt of an intracellular signal | the binding of a hormone to a signal receptor, which changes conformation in response |
| why is it difficult to damage a fiber composite? | Because fiber composites consist of cross-linked rod-like filaments encased in a stiffmaterial, they are difficult to damage. |
| Why does a phosphorylation cascade amplify an intercellular signal? | because each molecule of theinitial enzyme in the cascade phosphorylates and thereby activates many molecules of the next enzymein the cascade, each of which in turn repeats this process in the next step of the cascade |
| Then compare and contrast desmosomes and plasmodesmata | Plasmodesmata, like desmosomes, involve the interaction oftransmembrane proteins between adjacent cells. However, whereas desmosomes act as rivets,plasmodesmata form pores between adjacent plant cells, allowing for the exchange of cytoplasm |
| what do exergonic reactions do | release energy |
| what to endergonic reactions do | require input of energy |
| Why is phosphorilation of proteins exergonic | electrons in ADP and the phosphate group have much less potential energy than they did in ATPw |
| How can an endergonic reaction become exergonic? | when the substrates of enzymes involved become phosphoilated |
| what type of reactions drive the formation of ATP | redox |
| in a redox reaction, the atom that loses one or more electron is | oxidized |
| in a redox reaction the atom that gains electrons is | reduced |
| When does feedback inhibition occur? | when an enzyme that is active early in a metabolic pathway is inhibited by a product of the pathway |
| when does that Krebbs cycle occur in Eukaryotes | in the matrix of the mitochondria |
| what does the chemeosmotic hypothesis claim? | electron transport gains generate ATP indirectly by the creation of proton motive force |
| what is the function of the reactions in a fermentation pathway? | to generate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can continue |
| when do cells switch from cellular resperation to fermentation | when electron receptors required by the ETC are not available |
| Why are NADH and FADH2 said to have reducing power | they donate electrons to components of the ETC reducing those components |
| What is the stroma of the chloroplast | the fluid inside the choloroplasts but outside the thylakoids |
| why is chlorophlly green? | it absorbs wave lengths in the blue and red parts of the visable spectrum |
| what does it meant to say that CO2 becomes fixed | it becomes bonded to an organic compounD |
| what do the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis produce? | ATP and NADH |
| Why do the absorption spectrum for chlorphyll and the action spectrum for the photocynthesis coincide | wavelengths of light that are absorbed by chlorophyl trigger the light dependent reactions |
| what happens when an excited electron is passed to an electron acceptor in a photosystem | energy in sunlight is transformed to chemical energy |
| what happens to the 6 carbon sugar glucose during glycolosis? | broken into 3 molecules of the 3 carbon compound puruvate |
| Are the carbon atoms in glucose oxidized or reduced? | they are oxidized |
| Are the oxygen atoms in the oxygen molecule (O2) oxidized or reduced? | they are reduced |
| Glucose is the molecule that acts as an electron donor in this reaction. Which molecule acts as theelectron acceptor? | oxygen |
| Which has higher potential energy: the reactants or the products? Based on your answer, add“Energy” to the appropriate side of the equation; then add a label indicating “Input of energy” or“Release of energy.” | The reactants have higher energy. “Energy” should be added to the right-hand side of theequation, and “Release of energy” should be added over the arrow. |
| Compare the structure of NAD+ with the structure of ATP in Figure 9.1. Whichportions of the two molecules are identical? | Both ATP and NAD+ have an adenine attached to a ribose that is attached to two PO4–groups. |
| sugar synthesis happens in what cycle | Calvin cycle |
| rubisco + O2 = | photorespiration |
| What is the function of coenzyme A in the Krebs cycle? | It is the coenzyme of acetylation reactions. |
| A substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in the Krebs cycle where | GDP is phosphorylated to produce GTP. |
| Which of the following statements concerning cellular metabolism is false? | Krebs cycle activity is dependent solely on availability of substrate; otherwise it is unregulated. |
| Which of the following events takes place in the electron transport chain? | the extraction of energy from high-energy electrons remaining from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle |
| C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 → 6 CO2 + 6H2OWhere is most of the water in this reaction produced? | electron transport chain |
| Why are fermentation reactions important for cells? | They regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. |
| The energy of electron transport serves to move (translocate) protons to the outer mitochondrial compartment. How does this help the mitochondrion to produce energy? | The translocation of protons sets up the electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis in the mitochondria. |
| Following glycolysis and the Krebs cycle and before the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, the carbon skeleton of glucose has been broken down to CO2. Most of the energy from the original glucose at that point is still in the form of | NADH |
| Why might adding inorganic phosphate to a reaction mixture where glycolysis was rapidly proceeding help sustain the metabolic pathway? | The metabolic intermediates of glycolysis are phosphorylated. |
| A metabolic pathway, glycolysis, is active when cellular energy levels are ________; the regulatory enzyme, phosphofructokinase, is ________ by ATP. | low; inhibited |
| what happens in photosystem I? | high energy electrons are accepted by iron and sulfur containing proeteins and passed to ferrodoxin |
| what happens in photosystem II | High energy electrons are accepted by the electron acceptor pheophytin, then electrons are passed down an electron transport chain where there potential energy is lowered |
| what describes how photosystems I and II are thought to interact? | Z scheme |
| In autumn, the leaves of deciduous trees change colors. This is because the chlorophyll is degraded, and ________. | degraded chlorophyll becomes a pigment with different colors. |
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grbrickl