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DIgestive
digestive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas activation of pancreatic proteases occurs in the | The pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum where activation of proteases occurs. This process occurs to prevent autodigestion of the pancreas. |
| ascites | fluid leakage into the peritoneal cavity across teh srous membranes of the liver and viscera |
| catharics | drugs that promote defication |
| cholecystitis | an inflammation of the galbladder due to bloackage of the cystic duct or common bile duct by gallstones |
| cholethiasis | the presence of gallstonesin the gallbladder |
| cholera | a bacterial infetion of the difestive tract that causes massive fluid losses through diarhea |
| cirhosis | a disease characterized by the widespread destruciton of hepatocytes due to exposure todrugs , viral infection , ischemia , or blockage of teh hepatic ducts |
| colitis | a general term for a condition characterized by inflammation of the colon |
| constipation | infrequent defecation , generally involving dry hard feces |
| diarrhea | frequent watery bowel movements |
| diverticulitis | an infetion and inflammation of mucosal pockets of teh alrge intestine |
| diverticulosis | the formation of divericula , gernally along with teh stigmoid colon |
| espphageal vaices | swollen and fragile esophageal veins that result form portal hypertension |
| gallstones | deposits of minderals , bile salts, and cholesterol tat form if bile become to concentrated |
| gastrectomy | the surgical removal of the stomach genrally to treat advanced stomach cancer |
| gastritis | an inflammation of the gastric mucosa |
| gastroscope | a fiber optic instrument inserted into the mouth adn directed along the esophagus and into teh stomach , used to examine the inferior of the stomach and to perform minor surgical procedures |
| hepatitis | a virus induced disease of the liver, forms influde a, b and c |
| lactose intolerance | a malabsoption syndrome that results form the lakc of the enzyme lactase at teh brush border of the intetinal epithelium |
| mumps | a viral infection that typically targest the salivary glands , primarlily the parotids, usually in children |
| pancreatitis | an inflmmation of the pancreas |
| peptic ulcer | erosion of the gastric or duodenal lining by stomach acids and enzymes |
| perodontal disease | loosening of teh teeth within the aveolar sockets caused by erosion of the peridontal ligaments by acids prodcuedthrough bacterial action |
| peritonitis | an inflammation of teh peritoneal membrane |
| portal hypertension | high venous pressures in the hepatic portal system |
| pulpitis | an infection of the pulp of a tooth, treatment may involve a root canal procedure |
| During deglutition, the bolus passes into the stomach from the esophagus through the | gastroesophageal sphincter. , a loose one can cause acid reflux or heatburn |
| Starch is chemically digested by enzymes produced in the | salivary glands and pancrease, Amylase breaks starch into smaller oligosaccharides. |
| Swallowing reflexes begin when receptors are stimulated by food in this structure. | pharynx, Stretch receptors in the throat trigger the involuntary phases of deglutition. |
| Blood flows into the liver via the ___________ and ___________, while blood exits the liver via the ______________. | hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery , hepatic vein |
| The function of a lacteal is to | absorb lipids, Lacteals are lymph capillaries found in the villus. |
| a major outcome that occurs through mechanical digestion activities | an increase in the surface area of food by breaking it into smaller fragments., Breaking food into smaller pieces increases the surface area exposed to enzymes. |
| what is the main organic molecule digested in the stomach | proteins The only significant enzyme in the stomach is pepsin. |
| The propulsive function that occurs in the esophagus is called | parelistalsis |
| The stimulus for the release of pancreatic enzymes is | The presence of chyme containing proteins and fats in the duodenum. Protein and fat causes the enteroendocrine glands to release CCK. |
| This structure is a modified portion of the small intestine mucosa that greatly increases the absorptive surface area. | villus, they are fingerlike projections |
| Which activity below is a mixing action that exposes materials to secretions and absorptive surfaces? | segmentation This is a mechanical digestive activity. |
| Which of the following is a characteristic of the large intestine? | it contains a large number of bacteria E. coli is the primary bacterial species in the colon. |
| Which regulatory chemical stimulates gastric gland activity and motility? | gastrin , both the stomach and small intestine produce this major hormone |
| Which sequence below represents the correct layering of the wall of the GI tract beginning with the layer next to the lumen? | Mucosa - submucosa - muscularis externa - serosa |
| Which substance or occurrence would directly decrease gastric activity? | Distention of duodenum, Stretch initiates the enterogastric reflex. |
| The ampulla of Vater (a.k.a. hepatopancreatic ampulla) is formed from the union of the | common bile duct and pancreatic duct Bile and pancreatic enzymes mix here. |
| Which of the following products does the stomach produce? | HCL and the intrinsic factor, HCl, IF, mucous, and pepsinogen (pepsin) are products of the stomach. |
| what cells prodcue HCL | Parietal cells make HCl and intrinsic factor. |
| Which of the following cells produce pepsinogen? | chief cells |
| Most absorption takes place in the ______. | The jejunum absorbs 80-90% of all nutrients. |
| The digestive system in a cadaver is longer than in a living person because in a cadaver there is no | `muscle tone |
| The short reflexes in the digestive system are stimulated by | `the enteric plexuses. |
| Which of the following statements about the mesentery is incorrect? The " omenta" is special name for part of the mesentery. It holds the organs of the abdomen in place. It provides a route for blood vessel, lymphatics, and nerves to reac | `(this is false)It is composed of a layer of serous membrane fused with a layer of mucus membrane. |
| All of the following organs are retroperitoneal except the | the duodenum is not |
| Which of the following is the most common cause of peritonitis? a perforating abdominal wound burst appendix ruptured pancreatic cyst a perforating ulcer of the stomach | `burst appendix |
| Particularly large collections of lymphoid follicles are found in the pharynx and the | `large intestine |
| The myxovirus causes | `mumps |
| Halitosis is caused by | `Halitosis is caused by increased activity of anaerobic bacterial activity at the back of the tongue. |
| Which of the following teeth are most commonly impacted? | `wisdom |
| Which of the following intestinal hormones is not part of the enterogastrone? gastrin secretin vasoactive intestinal peptide cholecystokinin | gastrin |
| TCA Cycle | - |
| Metabolism | the sum of all biochemical processes under way within the human body at any moment , includes anabolism and catabolism |
| Catabolism and Anabolism | catabolism = the breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler components, accompanied by the release of energy anabolism - the synthesis of complex organic compounds form simpler precursors |
| glycolysis | the anaerobic cytoplasmic breakdown of glucose into latic acid by way of pyruvic acid, with a net gain of two ATP molecules |
| How many ATP glycolysis , TCA , ... | - |
| stomach | -storage of ingested food, mechanical breakdown of ingested food , disruption of chemical bonds in food material throgh the acitio of acids and enzymes and production of intrinisic factor , |
| intrinsic factor | a glycoportein whose presence in the eigestive tract it required for the absorption of vitamin b twelve in the small intestine |
| phases of swallowing | also called deglutition ( buccal phase , pharyngeal phase , esophageal phase ) |
| esophagus | innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers from teh esophageal plexus, prevents air fom entering the esophagus |
| the pharynx | ccommon passageway for solid food , liquids and air . |
| pancreas | the acinar and epithelial cells that line the duct system , secrete pancreatic juice into the small intestine, breaking down ingested materials into small molecules suitable for absorption |
| pancreatic juice | an alkalikne mixture of digestive enzymes, water , and ions, |
| when chyme arrives in the duodenum, secretin is relase, this hormone... | triggers teh pancreaticsecretion of a watery buffer solution |
| cholecytokinin | stimulates the production and secretion of pancreatic enzymes |
| pancreatic aplpha amylase, | a carboydrase a n enzyme that breaks down certain strarches. pancreatic alpha amylase is almost identical to salivery amylase |
| pancreatic lipase | breaks down certain complex lipids, releasing products such as fatty acids that can be easily absorbed |
| necleases | which break down nucleic acids |
| proteolytic enzymes , | break certain proteins apart. The proteolytic enzymes of the pancreas include protcases, which break apart large protein complexes and peptidases, which break small peptide chains into individual amino acids |
Created by:
chjburns