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PSYC 2310
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scientific study of behavior and mental processes. | Psychology |
| Conception of apparent relationships among observed events. | Theory |
| Diagnosing the severity of mental illness and behavior problems is usually the job of a | clinical psychologist |
| John B. Watson argue for a psychology based on the study of | measurable behavior |
| B.F. Skinner made major contributions to the school or psychology known as | behaviorism |
| At the center of psychodynamic theory of human motivation. | unconscious |
| oriented psychologists use techniques such as CT scans, PET scans, and electrical stimulation of the brain to show that specific sites in the brain mediate thoughts, emotions, and behavior. | Biological |
| Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studying human | thinking and memory |
| perspective unites self-fulfillment and free choice as central principles to its approach. | humanistic-existential |
| The issues of ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the _____ perspective. | sociocultural |
| Empirical research must be supported by | evidence |
| Segment of a population that is targeted for study. | Sample |
| _____ studies are information we collect about individuals or small groups. | Case |
| Researchers study behavior where it actually happens, or "in the field". | naturalistic observation |
| By using the _____ method, researchers investigate whether observed behavior or a measured trait is related to another trait or characteristic. | correlational |
| The preferred method for asking questions about cause and effect relationships. | experiment |
| In psychological research, ethical standards ensure that psychologists do not undertake research methods or treatments that are _____. | harmful |
| Each cell in the body contains ___ chromosomes, arranged in ___ pairs. | 46 23 |
| An extra chromosome on the 21st pair causes a condition known as | Down syndrome |
| Studying twins in adoptive homes attempts to rule out _____ influences. | environmental |
| Nerve cell. | neuron |
| Within their first year of life, babies have problems walking and performing other physical acts because the _____ sheaths of many neurons are not fully developed. | myelin |
| When a section of neuron is stimulated by neighboring neurons, the cell membrane becomes _____ to sodium ions. | permeable |
| The phase following firing during which a neuron's action potential cannot be triggered is called the _____ period. | refractory |
| When the neural impulse reaches the axon terminals, the vesicles release varying amounts of _____. | neurotransmitters |
| Since dopamine is primarily an inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in voluntary movement, individuals who are deficient in dopamine would exhibit _____ movement. | uncontrollable |
| In an emergency, _____ are very abundant in our brain and body. | endorphins |
| Deficiencies in _____ have been linked to anxiety, mood disorders, eating disorders, and insomnia. | serotonin |
| The brain and spinal cord make up the _____ _____ system. | central nervous |
| After a serious car accident, Dr. Murray tests the reflexes of an unconscious victim. Lack of response may indicate that he has injuries to his _____ _____. | spinal cord |
| If a person has a damaged hippocampus, would he or she be able to recall old memories? Would he or she be able to form new memories? | yes no |
| The auditory cortex lies within the _____ lobe. | temporal |
| If a person is born with an incomplete corpus callosum, we would expect to see deficiencies in what aspect of brain functioning? | Deficiencies in transfer of information from one hemisphere to another. |
| The prenatal life support system includes the _____ _____, the _____, and the _____ _____. | amniotic sac placenta umbilical cord |
| What event causes embryos to develop into males? | Testes form and begin to produce androgens. |
| A neonate is tested for grasp, startle, and sucking responses. These are measures of _____. | reflexes |
| In research with 2 month old infants, you would probably find they prefer what sort of visual pattern? | human face |
| If an infant does not receive tactile stimulation, what could be impaired? | Sense of comfort and security. Learning and communication. Activation of reflexes. |
| Piaget's term for a pattern of action or a mental structure that is involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge is a _____. | scheme |
| According to Erikson, the infant-parent relationship can affect issues associated with ____ during the first year of life. | trust |
| Enduring emotional tie. | attachment |
| Using Ainsworth's procedure, you observe an infant to mildly protest his mother's departure, seek reunion with her, and be readily comforted upon her return. You conclude that the infant is _____ attached. | securely |
| Harry Harlow (1959) demonstrated that attachment in rhesus monkeys was related to _____ _____. | contact comfort |
| Competent children tend to have parents who use an _____ parenting style. | authoritative |
| Formal operations allow children to think _____. | hypothetically |
| The _____ _____ approach to cognitive development studies how children store, retrieve, and manipulate information. | information processing |
| According to Erikson, the major challenge of adolescence is the creation of _____ _____. | ego identity |
| During late adulthood, physical decline is likely to be experienced in | Sensory systems, such as vision and smell. Reaction time. Immune system functioning. |
| Sarah is 79 years old. She is in good health, exercises daily, and attends life long learning classes at the local university. According to Schaie, these factors can contribute to Sarah's _____ functioning. | intellectual |
| According to Kubler-Ross, an individual who approaches death with a quiet acceptance of the inevitable, a peace that is nearly devoid of feeling, is in which stage of dying? | Final stage |
| The process by which sensations are organized to form inner representations of the world. | perception |
| The difference threshold for light. | Smallest difference in intensity required to perceive difference in intensity 50% of the time. |
| The background noise, the perceiver's motivation, and the sharpness of the perceiver's sensory system are among the variables incorporated in _____ _____ theory. | signal detection |
| Which sensory system is dominant for most individuals? | vision |
| What is a photoreceptor? | Cells that respond to light. |
| What is the source of all color? | light |
| Gestalt psychologists have noted the rules in the way humans integrate bits and pieces of sensory stimulation into meaningful whole experiences. The rules are referred to as the laws of _____ organization. | perceptual |
| The Gestalt rule describing the perceptual tendency to see objects that are near each other as belonging to a set. | proximity |
| The Gestalt rule describing the perceptual tendency to see like objects as belonging together. | similarity |
| If you were an artist and wanted an object to appear far away in your drawing, what monocular cues could you use? | Relative size. Interposition. Texture gradient. |
| Depth perception is enhanced when each eye projects the image of an object to the brain from a slightly different perspective. This cue for depth is called _____ _____. | retinal disparity |
| Frequency of sound waves determines _____, and amplitude determines _____. | pitch loudness |
| Place theory advances the idea that pitch discrimination depends upon what? | Area of basilar membrane that vibrates to the sound. |
| Frequency theory of pitch discrimination predicts that high-pitched sounds fire ____ often and low-pitched sounds fire _____ often. | more less |
| The receptor neurons for smell are located in the _____ _____. | olfactory nerves |
| Uncle Bob had brain surgery last week. You were told that he was only given a local anesthetic. How could this be? | There are no nerve endings for pain in the brain. (Brain itself has no pain receptors, it can't feel pain.) |
| The view that pain messages may not get through to the brain when the "switchboard" that transmits pain messages becomes "flooded" is termed _____ theory. | Gate |
| Possible solutions for chronic pain include | Relaxation training exercises. Distraction and fantasy. Hypnosis. |
| When we say that we are "conscious of" seeing something or hearing a sound, we are referring to consciousness as _____ _____. | sensory awareness |
| According to Freud, some impulses and painful memories are so unacceptable that we exclude them from awareness. He said that we _____ the. | repress |
| According to Freud, the _____ contains events that are unavailable to us under almost all circumstances. | unconscious |
| The totality of our impressions, thoughts, and feelings that makes up our conscious existence. | self |
| When we refer to consciousness as not being sleep, a trance, meditation, or any other distorted state of perception, we are defining consciousness as the _____ state. | waking |
| What is considered an altered state of consciousness? | Sleep. Hyptonic trance. Drug-induced perceptions. |
| During ______________ would amount of sleep an individual needs tends to go up. | During periods of stress. In an episode of depression. During an increase in a person's workload. |
| What effect does deprivation of REM sleep have on human memory? | It interferes. |
| What is an explanation of the phenomenon of trance? | Dissociation. Role playing. Narrow focusing of attention. |
| What is an explanation of meditation? | Various ways of focusing one's consciousness to alter one's relationship to the world. A process in which people seem to suspend thinking and allow the world to fade away. A method of altered focus. |
| In an early experiment done by Neal Miller, some rats were stimulated in their pleasure centers if they lowered their heart rates. Other rats were stimulated when they raised their heart rates. They all managed to learn to change their heart rates. | Example of biofeedback training. |
| Bodily functions that were once thought to be beyond voluntary control, but can nowadays be changed with feedback include | Heart rate. Blood pressure. Sweat in the palm of the hand. |
| The most popular drug on high-school and college campuses in the United States is | alcohol |
| Chronic drinking of alcohol has been linked to what conditions? | Cirrhosis of the liver. Cardiovascular disorders. Cancer. |
| When a new mother was told by her doctor not to smoke, he probably mentioned that smoking during a pregnancy can lead to what? | Higher risk of miscarriage. Pre-term births. Low birth weight. |
| According to behaviorists, _____ is any relative permanent change in an organism's behavior that occurs because of experience. | learning |
| Ivan Pavlov provided evidence that reflexes can be learned through _____. | association |
| The _____ theory of classical conditioning suggests that learning occurs only when the conditioned stimulus provides information about the unconditioned stimulus. | contengency |
| Peter's dog phobia. Behavior therapist has him relax, think abt dogs, occasionally shows dog pics. Nxt session- go to pet store to watch dogs thru glass. Nxt wk- go to kennel. Ev instance- he must maintain relaxed response. This behavior therapy is | systematic desensitization |
| In operant conditioning, an organism learns to respond b/c of the _____ of the behavior. | consequences |
| Any stimulus that, when presented, increases the likelihood that an operant will continue. | positive reinforcer |
| Any stimulus that, when removed, increases the likelihood that an operant will continue. | negative reinforcer |
| Spontaneous recovery describes the event in which an organism performs a previously _____ response. | extinguished |
| What are some reasons punishment is not very effective? | Punishment only suppresses the unacceptable behavior. Punishment does not teach correct responses. Punishment can create anger and hostility. |
| Reinforcing successive steps towards a behavioral goal. | shaping |
| Describe token economy. | Reinforcing behavior with something like poker chips, which can be exchanged for pleasurable commodities. |
| What are concepts cognitive psychologists use? | Structures and schemas. Templates and information processing. Association and reinforcement. |
| A rat that was allowed to roam freely in a maze without reinforcement, will later find food at the end of the maze faster than a rat that never saw the maze before, because of cognitive _____. | mapping |
| The significance of Tolman's research on latent learning was that | rats could learn a maze in the absence of reinforcement, suggesting they acquired a cognitive map. |
| Bandura's research suggests that we can learn through _____ learning. | observational |
| What do studies of children and adults who view violence in the medial reveal in terms of whether they are more or less likely to be aggressive, compared to individuals who do not view violence? | There are higher levels of violence. |
| To help a child who watches violent programs act less aggressively, one should inform the child of what? | The violent behavior they see in the media does not represent the behavior of most people. The aggressive behaviors he or she watches are not real. There can be life changing consequences to violent behavior. |
Created by:
marjoriedasep