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Neurophysiology
neuroanatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Central Nervous System | Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem) & spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Sensory-Somatic Nervous system (regulation of sensation and voluntary movement) & Autonomic Nervous System (regulates involuntary action |
| Afferent Neurons | sensory, runs from stimulus to inform the CNS |
| Interneurons | between sensory and motor neurons |
| Efferent Neurons | motor, runs from CNS to the muscles/glands which then take action |
| Dendrites | receive information |
| Cell Body (Soma) | synthesizes the information, Gray matter |
| Axon | message sending component, myelin vs non-myelinated, white matter |
| Nodes of Ranvier | if myelinated, electrical impulses jump from one node to the next, faster |
| Neuroglia/Glial Cells | non-neuronal supporting cells that provide critical services for neurons; astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells |
| Astrocytes | vascular, nutritional and structural support; clearance of neurotransmitters from within synaptic cleft |
| Oligodendrocytes | produce myelin sheath |
| Microglia | phagocytes to waste products of nerve tissue, scavengers; assist with repair |
| Ependymal cells | line ventricles and assist with movement of cerebrospinal fluid |
| Synapse | location of communication between neurons, site of transportation of neurotransmitter |
| Neurotransmitters | excite (dopamine, epinepherine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine) or inhibit (seratonin, GABA) neurons |
| Acetylcholine | stimulate muscles, arousal, learning, judging, memory; botox prevents its release, 90% loss of acetylcholine in alzheimers patients |
| GABA | reduce activity of neurons, fine tune neurotransmission, increasing GABA at synapse inhibits action potential; anti-epileptic |
| Fiber tracts | bundles of myelinated axons w/in CNS |
| Meninges | 3 layers covering spinal cord; dura mater>subdural space<arachnoid>subarachnoid space<pia mater |
| Frontal (motor) Lobe | Voluntary movement, cognitive function, Broca's area (speech production) |
| Parietal (Sensory) Lobe | Sensation appreciation (touch, taste, pain, pressure, proprioception) ability to read and solve mathematical problems, short term memory |
| Temporal (auditory) Lobe | musical discernment, long term memory, interpreting and processing auditory stimuli, Wernicki's area (hear and understand speech) |
| Occipital (visual) Lobe | responsible for sight |
| Sulci | depressions |
| Gyri | ridges |
| Brain | cerebrum (2 hemispheres and 4 lobes), sulci, gyri, cerebellum, and brain stem |
| Left Hemisphere | verbal, analytical, math, grammar, vocab, processing and producing language, expression of positive emotions |
| Right Hemisphere | non verbal, artistic abilities, numeric computations, grammar, vocabulary, non-verbal stimuli, visual-spatial perception, perceiving/expressing negative emotions |
| Corpus Collosum | Connects right and left hemisphere (group of axons) |
| Internal Capsule | group of fiber tracts that connect cortex to cell bodies of lower motor neurons, descending, |
| Diencephalon | Thalamus & Hypothalamus |
| Thalamus | located at top of brainstem, "switchboard" receives info from cerebellum, basal ganglia and all sensory pathways (except olfactory tract), integrates messages and sends to Cortex |
| Hypothalamus | Group of nuclei under Thalamus, assists in regulating homeostasis (controls hormones from pituitary) temp regulation, BP, sleep/wake, regulation of hunger & thirst |
| Basal Ganglia | largest subcortical structure @ base of cerebrum, group of nuclei, receive info from cortex & feedback from thalamus-inhibition of movement, regulate posture and muscle tone |
| Limbic System | hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, subcallosal gyrus and amygdala, parts of thalamus and hypothalamus-primitive emotional reactions, learning and memory |
| Cerebellum | balance and posture, complex muscular movements; initiation, timing sequencing and force of muscle contractions, multi-joint movements-below occipital lobe-2 hemispheres |
| Brain Stem | Between base of cerebellum and spinal cord; midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, reticular activating system |
| Midbrain | relay center or nerve pathway for tracts passing between cerebrum & spinal cord or cerebellum, contains auditory and visual reflex center |
| Pons | regulates the depth and rate of breathing; orientation of head in response to visual and auditory stimulation, cranial nerve nuclei for CN V – VIII |
| Medulla Oblongata | maintaining vital body functions such as breathing, heart rate, reflex activities such as coughing, gagging, swallowing and vomiting |
| Reticular Activating System | runs vertically, responsible for sleep/wake cycles; filter between your conscious mind and subconscious, affects level of arousal and tonal influence |
| Spinal Cord | communication of sensory info & coordination of motor info and movement patterns |
| Dorsal (Posterior) Horn | longitudinal subdivision of gray matter in posterior part of spinal cord that receives terminal from some afferent fibers of dorsal roots of spinal nerves |
| Ventral (anterior) horn | longitudinal subdivision of gray matter in anterior part spinal cord that contain neurons giving rise to motor fibers of ventral roots of spinal nerves. Sends out axons that eventually become peripheral nerve and innervate muscle fibers. |
| White matter | periphery of cord, composed of sensory and motor fiber tracts, fiber tracts, fiber tracts are a group of nerve fibers with similar jobs, cross over at various points from one side of spinal cord to other |
| Ascending | Afferent (sensory) dorsal columns - proprioception, vibration, two point discrimination and deep touch. Spinothalamic tracts; pain, temperature-Spinocerebellar tracts; unconscious proprioception, coordination of posture |
| Descending | Efferent (motor) Corticospinal tract-originates in frontal lobe travels to anterior horn of spinal (crosses in brain stem) Numerous other descending tracts |
| Babinski Test | Positive indicates corticospinal tract damage-Normal toes curl inward, flexion Abnormal-great toe eextension with splaying of the toes |
| Spinal Reflexes | Stereotyped motor response to a specific sensory stimulas. |
| Stretch reflex | Produced by activating muscle spindles-maintain posture |
| Autogenic inhibition | Produced by activating Golgi tendon organs-regulating muscle tension |
| Flexion reflex | produced by activating cutaneous pain afferents-avoid obstacle or painful stimulus |
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