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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are some peptides | adh and oxytocin |
| what are some protein based hormones | insulin and prolactin |
| what are some steroid hormones | cholesterol derivitaves, like testosterone estradiol |
| what are the catecholamines | norepinephrine and epinephrine |
| what is the chief cell | There are two cell types in the parathyroid gland: principal cells and oxyphil cells. Principal cells are also called chief cells. Principal cells are the more prevalent. Oxyphil cells are also found in the parathyroid gland; There are two cell types i |
| pars distalis | anterior pituitary |
| the acidofils are | somatotropic cells and the lactotropic cells. Thus, growth hormone and prolactin are secreted by acidophilic cells. |
| the basofils | gonadotropic cells, corticotropic cells and thyrotropic cells. Thus, the basophils secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH. |
| "GPA" (growth hormone and prolactin are secreted by the acidophils). | "B-FLAT" (basophils secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH). |
| What is corpora arenacea | brain sand |
| "Go Find Rex; Make Good Sex" (glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis) (mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, sex steroids). | "Go Find Rex; Make Good Sex" (glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis) (mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, sex steroids). |
| Which cell type is found in the parathyroid, but is not the most abundant cell type | oxyphil |
| Where in the pancreas are islets of Langerhans most numerous? | tail |
| What is another term for lymphatic nodules | lymph follicles |
| Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract contains the gut associated lymphatic tissue? | mucosa |
| Which of the following is NOT made of a framework of reticular fibers? a. Bone marrow b. Lymph node c. Spleen d. Thymus e. None of the above--all are made of a framework of reticular fibers. | Bone marrow, lymph nodes, the spleen and the thymus are all part of the lymphatic system. Most lymphatic organs are made of a framework of reticular fibers and reticular cells. However, the thymus is made of epithelioreticular cells instead. |
| What is the acronym for the diffuse lymphatic tissue found in the intestinal tract? | Diffuse lymphatic tissue is non-encapsulated lymphatic tissue. It is found in the gastrointestinal tract, the genito-urinary tract, and the respiratory tract. In the gastrointestinal tract it is referred to as GALT (gut associated lymphatic tissue). In th |
| What is another name for a splenic nodule | Malpighian corpuscle |
| What is the term for the entire lymphatic region of the spleen? | white pulp |
| Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen? a. Destruction of red blood cells b. Lymphocyte production c. Storage of blood d. Fetal blood cell formation e. All of the above are functions of the spleen | E-The spleen is involved in destruction of old or damaged red blood cells. Storage of blood occurs in the spleen. In the fetus, the spleen is involved in blood cell formation. Lymphocyte and antibody production occurs in the spleen. |
| When looking at a lymph node, where are lymphatic nodules? a. Deep cortex b. Tertiary cortex c. Juxtamedullary cortex d. Paracortical zone e. Outer cortex | E,Deep cortex, tertiary cortex, juxtamedullary cortex and paracortical zone are all terms for the same region in a lymph node. The deep cortex is the inner region of the cortex, next to the medulla. Lymphatic nodules are not found in the deep cortex. Lym |
| 10. What do you call the random distribution of lymphocytes that are found in the respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, and gastrointestinal tract? a. Lymph follicles b. White pulp c. Peyer's patches d. Lymph node e. Diffuse lymphatic tissue | e diffuse lymphatic tissue |
| What is a characteristic of a secondary nodule? a. Germinal center b. Lymphocytes c. Capsule d. Trabeculae e. None of the above | a secondary nodule is characterized by the presence of a germinal center |
| Which of the following is composed of epithelioreticular cells? a. Spleen b. Thymus c. Bone marrow d. Lymph node e. None of the above | B. Bone marrow, lymph nodes, the spleen and the thymus are all part of the lymphatic system. Most lymphatic organs are made of a framework of reticular fibers and reticular cells. However, the thymus is made of epithelioreticular cells instead. |
| What is the acronym for the diffuse lymphatic tissue in the respiratory tract? a. BALT b. DALT c. FALT d. GALT e. HALT | a |
| What are the localized concentrations of lymphocytes that are seen in the respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, and gastrointestinal tract? | a |
| What is the lymphatic tissue in the spleen called? a. Lymph follicles b. White pulp c. Peyer's patches d. Lymph node e. Diffuse lymphatic tissue | B |
| What are the splenic cords? a. Cords of Billroth b. Cords of Paneth c. Cords of Bellini d. Cords of Rothchild e. Cords of Hassall | A |
| When looking at the spleen, what are the invaginations of the capsule into the splenic parenchyma called? a. Malpighian corpuscle b. Trabeculae c. White pulp d. Red pulp e. Cords of Billroth | B |
| When looking at a lymph node, which term does not refer to the same region as all the others listed? a. Deep cortex b. Tertiary cortex c. Outer cortex d. Juxtamedullary cortex e. Paracortical zone | C |
| What are the spherical structures seen in the medulla of the thymus called? | hassals corpuscles |
| Where are Peyer's patches located? a. Esophagus b. Stomach c. Small intestine d. Large intestine e. Rectum | c |
| What are the large aggregates of lymphatic tissue in the ileum? a. Lymph follicles b. White pulp c. Peyer's patches d. Lymph node e. Diffuse lymphatic tissue | c |
| Where is diffuse lymphatic tissue NOT found? a. Gastrointestinal tract b. Central nervous system c. Genito-urinary tract d. Respiratory tract e. None of the above-diffuse lymphatic tissue is found in all of these regions | b |
| Where are the splenic sinuses? a. Malpighian corpuscle b. Trabeculae c. White pulp d. Red pulp e. Cords of Billroth | d |
| What does the acronym PALS stand for? a. Papillary layer sinus b. Peyer's lymphatic sheath c. Periarterial lymphatic sheath d. Peripheral lymphatic sinus e. Parenchymal lymphatic sheath | PALS stands for periarterial lymphatic sheath. Periarterial lymphatic sheaths are the lymphocytes which surround the central artery in the spleen. |
| Which of the following is an encapsulated lymphatic organ? a. Lymph follicles b. White pulp c. Peyer's patches d. Lymph node e. Diffuse lymphatic tissue | d |
| In addition to lymphoid function, this organ holds a reservoir of platelets. | spleen |
| People suffering from a throat infection often complain of ""swollen glands."" What is the actual problem? | some of the lymph nodes in teh throat are full of bacteria |
| The lymphedema condition, caused by tropical parasitic worms, is | elephantiasis |
| This structure attached to the cecum is in an ideal place to destroy bacteria before it migrates into the large intestine. | appendix |
| What lymphatic structure absorbs lipids in the intestine? | LACTEALS |
| What lymphatic structure forms from the merging of the intestinal and lumbar trunks? | cisterna chyli |
| What lymphatic structures trap bacteria in the posterior oral mucosa? | PALATINE TONSILS |
| Which sequence best describes the flow of lymph through the lymphatic system? | cappilaries--> vessels--> trunks--> ducts |
| It drains the lymph from the entire left side of the body and the right abdomen and leg. | thoracic duct |
| They have fewer efferent than afferent (incoming) vessels. | lymph nodes |
| large lymphatic vessels compared to veins of circulatory system | The larger lymphatic collecting vessels have the same three tunics as veins, but the collecting vessels are thinner-walled, and have more internal valves. |
| Which of the following is found lining the lymphatic sinuses of the lymph nodes? | Macrophages line the sinuses, they process foreign material passing through the sinuses. |
| Which of the following vessels transport fluid that leaks from the vascular system back into the blood? | lymphatics |
| Excess tissue fluid in the brain drains into the | csf |
| Lacteals are specialized | intestine submucosa. |
| The lymph from all but the right side of the head and the right arm and right thorax is drained by the | thoracic duct |
| Lymphangitis presents itself as | red lines under the skin that are sensitive to touch. |
| Where are plasma cells found in the node? | medullary chords |
| Large lymph capillaries spanned by criss-crossing reticular fibers are known as | lymph sinuses |
| Areas of lymphocytes suspended by reticular fibers in the spleen are known as | white pulp |
| Thymic corpuscles are composed of | keratinized epithelial cells. |
| The hormones of the thymus are secreted by the | thymic corpuscles. |
| The lymphatic structure that arises anterior to the first two lumbar vertebrae is known as the | cisterna chyli. |
| Reed-Sternberg cells are characteristic of | hodgkins disease |
| A sentinel node is the first lymph node | that receives lymph drainage from a body area suspected of cancer. |
| Germinal centers in follicles are sites where B-lymphocytes proliferate and produce antibodies. | true |
| Lymph capillaries are structurally identical to blood capillaries. | false(The lymphatic system must transport the volume back to the cardiovascular system. |
| Lymphoid macrophages respond to antigens by producing antibodies. | false( macrophages are phagocytes |
| Red pulp areas within the spleen are full of lymphocytes suspended on reticular tissue. | false ( Red pulp areas contain blood vessels, macrophages, and RBC. |
| Peyer's patches play a significant role in role in destroying bacteria and generating memory lymphocytes for long term immunity. | True |
| The only function of the spleen is lymphatic. | false ( The spleen provides a store of platelets and recycles hemoglobin. |
| The right bronchomediastinal trunk drains into the thoracic duct. | false ( It drains into the right lymphatic duct. |
| The exact pattern of the lymphoid tissues differs in the various lymphoid organs. | true ( All lymphoid organs are discrete, encapsulated collections of diffuse lymphoid tissue and follicles, but the exact pattern of the lymphoid tissues differs in the various lymphoid organs. |
| Lymph capillaries have the same structure and function as capillaries of the circulatory system. | Lymph capillaries begin as blind-end vessels that collect excess interstitial fluid originating from blood capillaries. |
| The lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes do NOT appear until shortly before birt | The beginnings of the lymphatic vessels and the main clusters of lymph nodes are apparent by the fifth week of embryonic development. |
| Lymphoid organs are composed of reticular connective tissue. | TRUE |
| Lymphoid cells include macrophages, dendritic cell, and lymphocytes. | true |
| MALT is found in the bronchi. | true |
| Hilus | The indented region on the concave side of the node leading into the efferent vessels |
| Subcapsular sinus | A large, baglike sinus leading into a number of smaller sinuses |
| location in lymphnode b cell, t cell, dendritic cell,, plasma cells macrophages, | b cells - within germinal center T cells - deep cortex dendritic cells- surrounding the germinal center plasma cells - medullary chords macrophages - lymph sinus |
| what is a characteristic of a secondary nodule | germinal center |
| lymph form the right arm and the righ half of the head and the right chest is received by | the right lymphatic duct |
| anatomically lymph vessels resemble | medium veins |
| the specificity of an antibody is determined by the | variable region |
| the major histocompatibility complex ( MHC) | group of genes that code for human leukocyte antigens |
| red blood cells that are damaged or defective are removed form the bloodstream via | spleen |
| phagocytes move through capillary walls by squeezing between adjancent endothelial cells, a preocess known as | diapediesis |
| perforins are proteins associated with teh activity of | nk cells |
| complement activation | stimulateds inflmmation , attracts phagocytes, enhances phagocytosis |
| the most beneficial effect of fever is that | it inhibits teh spread of some bacteria and viruses , increases the metabolic rate by up to ten percent |
| cd4 markers are associated with | helper t cells |
| what seven defenses , present at birth , provide thebody with the defensive capability known as non specfic resistance | physical barriers, phagocytic cells, immunogical surveillance, interferons, complement, inflammation and fever |
| compared with non specific defenses, specific defenses | protect against threats on an individual basis |
| blocking the antigen receptors on teh surface of lymphocytes wold interfere with | antigen recognistion |
| a decrease in which population of lymphocytes would inpair all aspects of an immune response | helper t cells |
| skin test are used to determine if a person | ha sbeen exposed to a particular antigen |
| cytotoxic t cells | lymphocytes responsible for cell mediated immunity |
| helper t cells | stimulate the activatio nand funciton of t cells and b cells |
| suppresor t cells | inhibit the activation and function of both t cells andb cells |
| plasma cells | produce and secrete antibodies |
| nk cells | regognize and destory abnormal cells |
| stromal cells | produce interleukin -7 whcih promotesthe differentiation of b cells |
| reticular epithelial cells | maitain the blood thymus barrier and secrete the thymic hromones that stimulate stem cells division and t cell differentiation |
| interferons | interfere with viral replication iside the cell and stimulate the activities fo macrophages and NK cells |
| pyrogens | reset the body s thermostat causing a rise in body temperature (fever) |
| T cells | provide cell mediated immunity , which defents against abnormal cells andpathogens inside cells |
| B cells | rovide humoral immunity , which defents against antigens and bathogens in the body but not inside the cells |
| interleukins | enhance non specific defenses and increase T cell sensitivity and stimulate B cell activity |
| tumor necrosis factor | slow tumor growth and kill sensitive tumor cells |
| colony stimulateing factor | stiulate the prodctuion of blood cells in the one marrow andlymphocytes in lymphoid tissues and organs |
| where do each orgiinate t cells, b cells, nk cells, | T thymus, B and nk bone marrow |
| compare and contrast the effects of complement with those of interferon | complement may rupture the cell membrane through the relase of perforin, kill the target cell ny secretion a posisonous lymphotoxin or activate genes within the nucleus of the cell that tell the cells to die, interferon will inteerfere with viral replciat |
| how deoes a cytotoxic t cell destroy another cell displaying antigens bo0und to class 1 MHC proteins | by ruptering the antigenic cell membrane, by killing the target cell through lymphotoxin secretion s or by activating genes |
| how does the formation of an antigen - antibody complex cause the elimination of an antigen | by neutrialization ,k aggulutination and precipitation k the activation of complement, the attractio of phagocytes, opsonization , the stimulation of imflammatio or the revention of bacterial and viral adhesion |
| example of innate , naturally aacquired, induced active, induced passive, natural passive | innate - gentically programed , naturally acquired (develops after irth due to contact with pathogen, chicken pox,), induced active is immunity that develops after purposeful contact with pagen such as vaccination, induced passive - temporary immunity pro |
| cont'd natural passive | is uimmunity gained through acquiring antibodies form either mothers milk or placental exchange |
| drains lymph from the area beneath the diaphragm and from teh left side of the head and thorax. most the lymph enters the venous blood by way of thisduct, a blockage of this duct would impair the circulation of lymph through most of the body and | would promote the accumulatio nof fluid in the limbs ( lymphedema) THORACIC DUCT |
| play a role in differentiation of lymphoid stem cells into t lymphocytes. a lack of these hormones would result in the absence of t lymphocytes | thymic hromnes |
| a decrease in teh number of onocyte forming cells in teh bone marrow would result | in a adecreased nuber of macrophages in the body, because all type sof macrophages are derived from onocytes. these includes the kuppffers cells of the liver, langerhans cells in teh skin and digestive tract, and avelolar macrophages |
| a rise in teh level of interfereon would suggest | a riral infection. interfereon is relase form cells that are infected with ciruses . it does no help an infected cell bu tinterferes with the viruss ability to infect other cells |
| pyrogens stiumulate | the temperature control area of the preoptic nucles of the hypothalumus the result is an increase in body temp or fever |
| abnormal peptides in teh cytoplasm of a cell can become attached to MHC proteins and are then displayed on teh surface of the cells membrane , peptides rpesented in this manner are | then regognized by t cells , which can initiate an imune response |
| cytotoxic t cells funciton in cell mediated immunity. a decrease in the number of cytotoxic t cells | would interfere with the ability to kill foreign cells and tissues as wells as cells infected by viruses |
| helper t cells promote b cell division, the maturation of pasma cells, and the produciton of antibodies by the plasma cells, without helper t cells | the antibody mediated immune response would probably not occur |
| plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies . in a sample containing an elevated number of plamsa cells, we wold expect the amount of antibodies in the blood to | increase |
| would the primary response or the secondary response be more affected by a lck o fmemory b cells for a particular antigen | the secondary response, the ability to produce a secondary response depends on teh presence of memroy b cells and t cells that are formed during the primary response to an antigen. these cells are not involved in the primary response but are held in rese |
| whcih kind of immunity protectas a developing fetus, and how is that immunity produced | by natural passive immunity, the product of IgG antibodies that cross teh placenta from themothers bloodstream |
| how does increases stress decrease the effeciveness of the imune response | stress can interfere with the immune response by depresing the inflammatory respnse , reducing thenumber and activity of phagocytes and inhibiting interleukin secretion |
| the first line of defense is | The first line of defense is physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry |
| wht is the funciton of the MHC markers | The MHC markers are imbedded in the plasma membrane of our own body cells and identify them as our own. |
| Which cell type is associated with the cell-mediated immune response? | cytotoxic T cell |
| Which cell type is the most important antigen-presenting cell (APC)? | macrophage |
| Both cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells use the same method to destroy their targets. What is it? | CytotoxicTcells and NK cells both release chemicals called perforins that cause holes to form in the target cell membrane causing the cell to disintegrate. The difference between the two cell types is NK cells is non-specific. |
| how does the secondar response differ form the primary | secondary is faster The big advantage to a secondary response is its speed. It can take 1-2 weeks for the antibody level to peak after an initial exposure to an antigen. When the antigen is encountered again, it takes only 2 or 3 days for the immune syste |
| When you receive a vaccination that includes inactivated or activated vaccines, your body is developing ______________ immunity. | active, Active immunity occurs when the body actively produces memory B cells and T cells following exposure to an antigen. This can occur naturally or through vaccination. |
| An allergic reaction is caused by _________________. | overproduction of IgE |
| Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones leads to ______________, while hypersecretion of the same hormones can lead to ________________. | ADDISONS DISEASE, CUSHINGS |
| Only _______ and ________ are able to activate complement. 1. IgG and IgA 2. IgG and IgE 3. IgG and IgM 4. IgG and IgD | IgG, and IgM |
| An endocardial cell from the mitral valve of the heart would be exepcted to exhibit: 1. Class I MHC proteins 2. Class II MHC proteins 3. Class III MHC proteins | class I |
| Which of the following antibodies is able to confer natural passive immunity? 1. IgD 2. IgE 3. IgG 4. IgM | IgG |
| The formation of an antigen-antibody complex can lead to: 1. Agglutination 2. Neutralization 3. Activation of complement | all three |
| A single IgA dimer can bind _____ antigens. | 4 |
| Which of the following are involved in B cell activation? 1. Antigen 2. T-helper cell 3. Cytokine 4. All of the above | all of above |
| An IgG antibody and an IgM antibody that both bind to the same antigen will differ in their: 1. Constant regions 2. Variable regions 3. Residual regions 4. All of the above | constant regions |
| Perforins, lymphotoxins, and tumor necrosis factor are all released by: 1. T-helper cells 2. T-suppressor cells 3. T-killer cells 4. All of the above | t killer cells |
| If Clare has no T-helper cells, she would have: 1. Impaired cell-mediated immunity 2. Impaired antibody-mediated immunity 3. Both a and b | both |
| Lymph enters the circulatory system at the junction of the: 1. Subclavian and external jugular veins 2. Subclavian and internal jugular veins 3. Subclavian and internal carotid arteries 4. Subclavian and external carotid arteries | subclavian and internal jugular veins |
| Peyer's patches are an example of: 1. GALT 2. BALT 3. MALT 4. A and c 5. B and c | A and C |
| Which of the following is true of lysozyme? 1. It's an enzyme that phagocytoses bacteria 2. It's often found in secretions that also contain IgA antibodies 3. It's found in saliva but not in lachrymal fluid 4. It plays a large role in sp | 2 |
| Interferons: 1. Are released by cells that are NOT infected by a virus 2. Cause nearby cells to synthesize a protein which inhibits protein production 3. Are NOT released by B lymphocytes 4. Are only released by cardiac muscle cells | b |
| Which of the following is NOT associated with complement? 1. Bacterial Lysis 2. Opsonization 3. Release of histamine by basophils 4. All of the above are associated with complement | all theabove |
| A B lymphocyte that expresses IgD antibodies on its surface but has yet to undergo antigen challenge would be said to be: 1. Immunocompetent and Naive 2. Immunoincompetent and Naive 3. Totipotent and Naive 4. Immunoincompetent and Totipo | 1immunoncompetent and naive |
| The number of antigen binding sites on an _______ antibody is 10. | IgM |
| The only antibody that can attack the Rh complexes on fetal red blood cells is the _______ antibody. | IgG |
| The manner in which an antigen-antibody complex is eliminated is determined by the particular: 1. Binding sites on the antibody's variable region 2. Binding sites on the antibody's constant region 3. Binding sites on the antigen's variable r | binding sites on teh antibodys constant region |
| true/false T cells bearing the CD4 surface glycoprotein are known as Helper T cells and only bind to antigens linked to class II MHC proteins. | true |
| # Which of the following is true of cytotoxic T cells? 1. They release a chemical similar to those released by NK cells 2. They can release tumor necrosis factor 3. In order to function, they require costimulation 4. All of the above | allof the above |
| One function carried out by all lymphoid tissues and organs is: 1. Filtration of lymph 2. Filtration of blood 3. Extramedullary erythropoiesis 4. Lymphocyte production 5. Lymphocyte destruction | lymphocyte production |
| Plasma cells: 1. Are extremely capable of protein synthesis 2. Are located in the medullary cords of lymph nodes 3. Derive from B lymphocytes 4. Are located in the red pulp cords in the spleen 5. All of the above | all of the above |
| Nonphagocytic cells that bind antigen to their surfaces and present them to lymphocytes for recognition and stimulation. | antigen presenting cells |
| # # Derived from blood monocytes. | macrophages |
| Secrete immunoglobulins. | plasma cells |
| Primary cellular component of the non-immune portion of the lymph nodes and spleen. | reticular cells |
| Which of the following are true of lymphatic capillaries? 1. They typically carry erythrocytes 2. They typically carry lymphocytes 3. They are blind-ending tubules 6. They are more permeable than blood capillaries | 2,3,6 |
| hich of the following is the typical site of T and B cell activation? 1. Red marrow 2. Thymus 3. Lymph nodes 4. Lymph vessels | lymph nodes |
| Lymph fluid returns to the general circulation by draining into the: 1. SVC 2. IVC 3. Cisterna chyli 4. Azygos and hemiazygos veins 5. Subclavian veins | subclavian veins |
| Nonspecific immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT: 1. Immunoglobulins 2. Complement 3. Interferons 4. Neutrophils 5. Lysozyme | immunoglobins |
| The most abundant immunoglobulin type is: 1. IgA 2. IgM 3. IgF 4. IgG | IgG |
| Complement: 1. Interferes with viral replication 2. Is involved in antibody production 3. Aids in antigen presentation 4. Causes cell lysis 5. Increases HCG production | causes cell lysis |
| Which of the following is NOT a difference between IgG and IgM?1. IgM is a pentamer while IgG is a monomer 2. IgM is found in lower amounts in the serum 3. IgG can cross the placenta while IgM cannot 4. IgG has 2 antigen-binding sites while IgM has 10 | 5 |
| In a massive allergic reaction, venous return will __ | decrease |
| Which of the following are NOT derived from monocytes 1. Kupffer cells 2. Langerhans cells 3. Dust cells 4. None of the above | none of the above |
| Complement is involved with both specific and nonspecific immunity. true/false | true |
| # # Lymphatic capillaries are: 1. Found in the abdominopelvic cavity 2. Involved in fat absorption 3. Highly permeable 4. All of the above | 4 |
| Splenic cords: 1. Consist of white pulp primarily 2. Are avascular 3. Primarily serve an immune function 4. Consist of a large number of macrophages perched upon reticular fibers | 4 |
| An aggregate of lymphoid follicles in the respiratory tract is an example of: 1. MALT 2. GALT 3. BALT 4. A and b 5. A and c | malt and balt |
| A(n) ________________ is a molecule that is too small to cause an immune response on its own but becomes antigenic when coupled to another molecule. | haphen |
| Cellular immunity is primarily the function of: 1. B lymphocytes 2. T lymphocytes 3. A and b | t lymphocytes |
| he only unpaired lymphatic trunk is the: 1. Lumbar 2. Bronchomediastinal 3. Subclavian 4. Intestinal 5. Jugular | intestinal |
| _________ is released from basophils and mast cells and causes ____________. 1. Histamine; vasoconstriction 2. Histamine; vasodilation 3. Leukotriene; vasoconstriction 4. Leukotriene; vasodilation | 2 |
| The endocrine system: 1. Releases chemicals into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body 2. Releases hormones that can alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs 3. Produces effects that can last for hou | all of above |
| Each of the following is an amino acid derivative EXCEPT: 1. Epinephrine 2. Melatonin 3. Thyroxine 4. TSH | TSH |
| When adenyl cyclase is activated: 1. cAMP is formed 2. cAMP is degraded 3. G proteins are replicated in a semiconservative fashion 4. Steroid hormones enter the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis 5. None of the above | 1 |
| Which of the following hormones does not act via a second messenger system? 1. Glucagon 2. Epinephrine 3. GH 4. Testosterone 5. ACTH | testosterone |
| Low blood glucose typically results in the secretion of all of the following EXCEPT: 1. Glucagon 2. Thyroxine 3. hGH 4. PTH 5. 3 of the above | PTH |
| Which of the following is a function of glucocorticoids? 1. Increased inflammatory response 2. Increased blood [glucose] 3. Decreased lipolysis 4. Increased creatinine hydrolysis by osteocytes 5. Increased osteoclast activity | 2 |
| What hormone increases intestinal calcium absorption? 1. Calcitriol 2. Calcitonin 3. Parathormone 4. Pancreatic polypeptide 5. GnRH | a |
| Which of the following is a function of TSH? 1. Activation of thyroid follicular cells 2. Increase of iodine trapping in follicular cells 3. Increased thyroglobulin synthesis 4. Increased release of T3 5. Increase release of T4 6 | all of above |
| The general adaptation syndrome is activated by the: 1. Hypothalamus 2. Adrenal gland 3. Pituitary gland 4. Thyroid gland 5. Epinephrine release | hypothalmus |
| Somatostatin is secreted by the: 1. Pancreatic F cells 2. Pancreatic delta cells 3. Zona fasciculata 4. Parafollicular cells 5. Bronchial clara cells | delta cells |
| Hyposecretion of cortisol can cause: 1. Cretinism 2. Diabetes mellitus 3. Diabetes insipidus 4. Addison's disease 5. Grave's disease | addisons disease |
| During hyperglycemia, pituitary GH secretion will __________________ | decrease |
| As blood [somatomedin] increases, pituitary GH secretion will ____ | decrease |
| As GH secretion decreases, fat catabolism will _ | decrease |
| non specific defense | physical barriers( skin,nostril hair, friendly bacteria, mucous membranes, mucus and cillia, physiological barriers (fever, external secretion, lyzosome , interfereons, bile, hcl in stomach, {phagocytic barriers, inflammation, NK cells, complement system |
| specific defense, | diversity, memory, specificity, |
| Called secretory immunoglobin because it is present in all body secretions influding colostrums and mothers milk , functions as first line of defense against inhaled and digested pathogens by activating alternate pathway of complement system | IgA |
| Along with IgM occurs over B lymphocytes as antigen receptors activation of b cells, also present in serum tissue and effective against toxins and allergens | IgD |
| Present inmucous membranes skin and lungs , attaches to mast cells and basophils for realseing histamine and other substances that ireciate hypersensitive response to allergens | IgE |
| constitute seventy five percent of tal Ig, present in all body parts, can pass thru placenta provindign passive immunity to neonates, stimulate complement system and phagocytes against toxins viruses, bacteria, and fungi | IgG |
| Largest with 10 binging sites, activates b cells over which it is present along with IgD also first to reach site of infection and actiate classical pathway of complement system | IgM |
| cd4 and cd8 on what cells | cd4 on helper t cells respond to antigens presented by class Ii MHC proteins CD8 found on cytotoxic T cells and suressor t cells respond to antigens prseented by Class MHC protiens(HLAs) |
| costimulation | is like the safety on a gun , helps prevent t cells form mistakenly attacking normal self tissues it s important determingn whether a t cell will become activated |
| antibodies | the structure of the ocnstant segements of the heavy chains etermines the way the antibody is secreted and how it is distributed with in the body , teh specicity of antibody molecule depends on the structure of the variable segments of the light and heavy |
| Igg | larges, syveral types, occurs as an individual molecule, 80 % of all antibodies, responsibel for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, cross placenta, ..rh stuff |
| IgE | attaches as an individual molecule , exposed surface of basophils and mast cells, release histamine and other echemicals that accelerate inflammtion in immediate area , important in allergic response |
| IgD | individual molecule on surfaces of b CELLS , CAN BIND ANTIGENS IN TEH EXTRACELLULAR FLUID. CAN PLAY A ROLE IN THE ACTIVATION OF THE B CELL INVOLVED |
| IgM | first calss of antibody secreted after an antigen arives, declines as IgG production accelerates , five antibody starburst, blood antibodies , also attack bacteria that are insensitive to IgG |
| IgA | glandular secrtioins such as mucus tears , saliva, thee antibodies attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues, circulate in blood as individual molecules or in pairs, epithelieal cells absorb them from teh blood and attach a secretory pi |
| primary and secondary response | primary initial response, seocndary , more extensive and prolonged characteristic of both cell and antiboyd mediated immunities |
| Neutrophils | phagocytosis, stimulation of inflammation |
| eosinophils | phagocytosis of antigen, entibody complexes, suppresion of inflammation , participation in allergic response |
| mst cells and basophils | stimulation and coordination of inflmmation by relase of hsitamine, heparin ,e leukotrienes, prostaglandins |
| APCS(magrophaes free and fixes, kupffer cells, microgilia, ec), Dendritic cells, langerhans cells | macrophages - phagocytosis ; antigen processing , antigen presentation with class II MHC proteins , secretio nof cytokines, espeically interleukins and interfereons d and l - antigen presentation bound to Class ii mhc PROTEINS |
| lyMPHOCYTES (NK CELLS CYTOTOXIC T CELLS ( tC cd8 MARKERS ) hELPER T CELLS (tH, cd4 MARKER) B CELLS SUPPRESOR T CELLS (tS, cd8 MARKER ) MEMORY CELLS (tS, Th, B) | b cells - differentiation into plasma cells which secrete antibodies and provide antibody mediated immunity , helper t cells - secretio of cytokines that stimulate cell mediated and antibody mediated immunity , activatio of sensitized b cells K t cells |
| GIF | reduces or inhibits replication of target cells |
| colony stimulating factors | stimulate RBC and WBC rodcution |
| monocyte chmotatic actor - attracts monocytes , transforms them into macrophages migration - inhibitory factor MIF - prevents mgration of macrophages form the area macrophage activating facro MAF- make s macrophags more acive and aggressive | macrophage chemotactic factor attracts microphaces in blood tuumor necrosis factos - kills tumor cells, slow tumor growth , stimulate activites of t cells and eosinophils inhibit parasites and viruses |
| interfereons ( alpha, beta, gamma) | activate other cells to prevent viral entry; inhibit viral replication; stimulate NK cells and macrophages |
| interleukins | increasing t cells sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophages membranes, stimulating b cell activity , plasma cell formation and antibody production , enhancing non spefciic defenses ( stimulation of inflmmation, formation of scar tissue, body temp u |
| allergies | inapporpriate or excessive immune responses to antigesn |
| aids | immunodeficiecy , result of viral infection that targets prmarly helper t cells , as teh number of t cels declines , the nromal immune control mechanism breaks down , so when ifection comes suppresor facros relased by suppressor t cells inhibit an immune |
| types of allergies | four categories type I- immediate hypersensitivity, type ii -cytotoxic reaction , Typie III- imune complex disorders, type IV - delayed hypersensitivty |
| immediate hypersensitivity | is a rapid a nd especially severe response to presence of an antigen , prodcution of large quantities of IgE |
| anaphylaxis - | a circulating allergen affects amst cells throuhout the body |
| acth stress and immune response ( depression of inflammatory response, reduction in teh abundance and activity of phagocytes in peripheral tissues , inhibition of interleukin secretion | effect of interleukin 1 stimulation of ACTH , teh anti inflammatory effects of the glugocorticoids may help control the extent of teh immune response, the longe term secretio of glucocorticoids as in teh resistance phase of gas inhibits immune response |
| filariasis | an infection by parasitic roud worms , the adult worms may scar and blcok lymphatic vessels , causing acute lymphedema , commonly in the external genitalia , and lowe limbs (elephanititis ) |
| immune complex disorder | cause dby precipitatio of immune complexes at sites such as the kidneys where their presence disrupts normal tissue fucntion |
| lymphadenopathy | chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes |
| lymphedema | an accumulation of lymph in a region whose lymphatic drainage has been blocked |
| lymphomas | cancers consisting abnormal lymphocytes or lymphoid stem cells example hodgkins disease and non hodgkins lymphoma |
| SCID | severe combined immunodefiency diseae , a congenital disorder resulting form teh failure of both cell mediated and antibody mediated immunity to develop |
| properties of immunity | svmt, specificity , versatility, memory and tolerance |
| lymph node are ____________masses of lymphoid dissue | encapsulated , the deep cortex is dominated by T cells and the outer cortex and medulla contains b cells |
| thymus lies behind the sternum, ________cells are scattered among the lymphocytes to maintain the blood thymus barrier and secrete thymic hormones | reticular epithelial cells |
| red pulp and white pulp | red has large nuber of red bcs and white pulp resemples lymphoid nodules |
| two types of phagocytic cells | microphages and macrophages, micophages are neutrophils and eosinophls , phagocytes ove among cells by emigration or diapedeis migration between adjacennt endothelial cells, and chemo taxis (sensitivty and orientation to chemical stimuli |
| cyclic amp funcitons as second messenger to | open ion channels and activate key enzymes in cytoplasm |
| FSH producito in males supports | the maturaiton of sperm by stimulating sustentaular cells |
| what six hormones primarly affect growth | GH, THs, insulin, pTH, cacitrol, reproductinve hromones |
| what are five primary effects of thyroid hormones | inreae in the reate of energy consumption and utilization in cells, an acceleratin in the productio of sodium potassium atpase, activation of genes coding for the synthesis of enzymes involved in glycolysis and energy produciton k acceleratio fo atp produ |
| calcitonin and pth effects/ | calcitonin, decreases the ocncentration of cacium ions in body fluids, pth causes an increase in the concentration of calcium in body fluids |
| calcitrol | responsibel for stimulating calcium and phosphate absorption along the digestive tract ( hormone form kidney |
| Natruretic peptides vs angiotensin II(opposes following actions) | promote loss of sodium ions and water at teh kidneys -inhibit the secretio of water conserving hormones, such as adh and aldosterone -su[[resses thirst , block effects of angiotensin II and norepinephrine on aterioles (angiotensin II opposes these act |
| alpha , beta , delta, f, | alpha - glucagen, beta- insulin , delta- somatostatin, f cells, - pancreati poly peptide |
| endocrine vs neural relexes | in endocrine relexes , the functional counterpart of nural reflexes - stimulus triggers the prodcutio of a hormone , both neural and endocrine relexes are controlled by negative feedback meganisms in most cases |
Created by:
chjburns