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S/C Exam One
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Eustress | Positive Adaptation (job promotion, wedding) |
| Distress | Negative Adaptation (death, unemployment) |
| Walter Canon | first described body's reaction to stress; identified the fight-or-flight response |
| stressors | something with the potential to cause a stress reaction |
| fight-or-flight response | increase in heart rate, respiration, bp, and serum cholesterol |
| Hans Selye | used rats for experiment; concluded that regardless of eustress or distress, the body reacts the same physiologically; general adaptation syndrome |
| general adaptation syndrome | 1. alarm reaction (body's change to first exposure of stressor) 2. stage of resistance (resistance is followed if continued exposure to stressor is compatible with adaptation ) 3. stage of exhaustion (long term exposure, alarm reaction disappears) |
| stress reactivity | the reaction to stress (increased heart rate, increase in BP, perspiration, muscle tension, etc) |
| strain | the physical, psychological, and behavioral outcomes of stress reactivity |
| 3 stress theories | 1. Life Events Theory 2. Hardiness Theory 3. Social Support Theory |
| Life Events Theory | when a situation requires more resources than available (ex. being unprepared for a test) |
| Hardiness Theory | how people perceive events (personality) |
| Social Support Theory | less social support cause more stress |
| relaxation response | a series of bodily changes that are the opposite of the stress reaction |
| autogenic training | a relaxation technique that involves a sensation of heaviness, warmth, and tingling in the limbs |
| bracing | contracting muscles for no apparent reason |
| neuromuscluar relaxation | another term for progressive muscle relaxation |
| Lazarus's View of Stress | stress is a state of anxiety produced when events and responsibilities exceed one's coping abilities |
| Stages of Stress | 1. stimuli received by brain through senses 2. Brain deciphers stimuli 3. body becomes aroused until threat is over (most damaging if stuck here) 4. body returns to homeostasis once threat is gone |
| nonreductive physicalism | soul is an emergent property of brain activity; consciousness is embodied in brain activity |
| cerebral cortex/gray matter | the upper part of the brain responsible for thinking functions |
| subcortex | the lower part of the brain responsible for various physiological processes necessary to stay alive |
| cerebellum | part of the subcortex responsible for coordination |
| medulla oblongata | part of the subcortex responsible for the regulation of the heartbeat and breathing |
| pons | part of the subcortex responsible for regulating sleep |
| diencephalon | part of the subcortex responsible for regulation of the emotions |
| thalamus | part of the diencephalon that relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex |
| hypothalamus | part of the diencephalon that activates the autonomic nervous system |
| autonomic nervous system | controls such body processes as hormone balance, temperature, and width of blood vessels |
| limbic system | produces emotions; the "seat of emotions" |
| reticular activating system (RAS) | a network of nerves that connects the mind and the body |
| endocrine system | comprised of hormones that regulate physiological functions |
| corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) | released by hypothalamus and results in the release of adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) hormone |
| ACTH | activates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticoid hormones |
| thyrotropic hormone releasing factor (TRF) | released by hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete thyrotropic hormone |
| thyrotropic hormone (TTH) | stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin |
| oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) | a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland |
| hippocampus | the part of the brain that "sounds the alarm" that stress is present |
| adrenal cortex | the part of the adrenal gland that secretes corticoids |
| glucorticoids | regulates metabolism of glucose |
| mineralocorticoids | regulate the balance between sodium and potassium |
| cortisol | the primary glucocorticoid secreted from the adrenal cortex that is responsible for an increase in blood glucose |
| aldosterone | the primary mineralocorticoid secreted from the adrenal cortex that is responsible for an increase in blood pressure |
| gluconeogenesis | the production of glucose from amino acids by the liver |
| adrenal medulla | the inner portion of the adrenal gland that secretes catecholamines |
| epinephrine and norepinephrine | a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla |
| thyroid gland | an endocrine gland that secretes the hormone thyroxin |
| sympathetic nervous system | part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for expending energy |
| parasympathetic ns | part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for conserving energy |
| effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine | increased heart rate, dilation of bronchial tubes and coronary arteries, constrict blood vessels, oxygen consumption |
| effects of thyroxin | increase basal metabolic rate, fatty acids, respiration, blood pressure |
| effects of sympathetic ns | normal reactions, dilate pupils, release glucose, increase strength of skeletal muscles |
| effects of cortisol | increase blood glucose, decreases effectiveness of immune system, increase blood flow |
| pathway of nor. and epinephrine | stressor-cortex-thalamus-hypothalamus-posterior hypothalamus-adrenal medulla----release |
| pathway of cortisol | stressor-cortex-thalamus-hypothalamus-anterior hypothalamus-CRF released-activates pituitary gland-ACTH released-adrenal cortex activated----release |
| pathway of thyroxin | stressor-cortex-thalamus-hypothalamus-anterior hypothalamus-TRF released-pituitary activated-TTH released-thyroid gland activated---released |
| pathway of vasopressin and oxytocin | stressor-cortex-thalamus-hypothalamus-anterior hypothalamus-direct nerve pathway-pituitary activated---- released |
| psychosomatic | conditions that have both a mind and body component |
| psychophysiological | synonymous with psychosomatic |
| psychoneuroimmunology | the study of the illness-causing and healing effects of the mind on the body |
| phagocytes | a type of white blood cell whose purpose is to destroy substance foreign to the body |
| T cells | a type of lymphocyte whose purpose is to destroy substances foreign to the body by puncturing invaded body cells and killing the cells and the foreign substances |
| B cells | a type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies |
| suppressor T cells | cells whose purpose is to halt the immune response |
| memory T and B cells | cells left in the bloodstream and the lymphatic system to recognize and respond to future attacks to the body by the same invader |
| sphygmomanometer | an instrument used to measure blood pressure |
| systolic blood pressure | the pressure of the blood as it leaves the heart |
| diastolic blood pressure | the pressure of the blood against the arterial walls when the heart is relaxed |
| essential hypertension | hypertension with no known cause |
| cerebral hemorrhage | a rupture of a blood vessel in the brain |
| myocardial infarction | when a part of the heart dies because of a lack of oxygen (heart attack) |
| plaque | debris that clogs coronary arteries |
| apoplexy/stroke | a lack of oxygen to the brain resulting from a blockage or rupture of a blood vessel |
| type A | a behavior pattern associated with the development of coronary heart disease |
| atherosclerosis | clogging of the coronary arteries |
| arteriosclerosis | loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries |
| neuropeptides | chemicals that send messages between cells to various parts of the brain and between the brain and other various parts of the body |
| stress and ulcers | during stress, norepinephrine secretion causes capillaries in stomach lining to constrict, shutting down mucus production; caused by bacteria called H. Pylori; stress results in increase in hydrochloric acid |
| stress and cancer | carcinogens; T-lymphocytes (a part of the immune system that destroys mutant cells) production decreases with stress |
| stress and allergies/asthma, hay fever | antigen (foreign substance in body)-antibodies (substances produced to fight off antigens); cortisol decreases the amount of T-lymphocytes; many believe it is an emotional problem |
| stress and rheumatoid arthritis | r. arthritis is an autoimmune disease (body turning on itself); self-destructive personalities are susceptible |
| Lazarus's Coping Model | task-oriented and emotion-focused coping; three stages of appraisal |
| primary appraisal | judging how much of a threat is involved, and how important is the outcome |
| secondary appraisal | determining whether resources needed to meet the demand are available |
| reappraisal | evaluation of whether the response made to a demand/threat was effective |
| cognitive appraisal | interpretation of a stressor |
| yerkes-dodson curve | there is an optimal level of stress that results in maximum performance (stress can interfere with performance but help it as well; needs to be right amount) |
| holmes and rahe social readjustment rating scale | theory: people who were more stressed reported more illness |
| hassles | daily interactions with the environment that are essentially negative |
| 6 issues people experience with PTSD | 1. persistent intrusions of memory that interfere with incoming info 2. compulsively expose themselves to situations 3. avoid specific triggers 4. lose ability to physiological responses 5. problems w/ attention 6. alterations in personal identity |
| intrusions | flashbacks, intense emotions, experience sensory elements of trauma; sometimes total amnesia |
| compulsive re-exposure | harm to others, re-victimization, self-destructiveness |
| avoiding and numbing | detachment, alcohol/drugs, less responsive to stimuli |
| inability to modulate arousal | hyper-vigilance, generalization of threat |
| attention/distractibility/stimulus discrimination | organize lives around not feeling bad about situation |
| alterations in personal identity | humiliation, blame themselves |
| amygdala | links perceptions and thoughts about the world with their emotional meaning; emotional memory |
| lobes | occipital (sight) parietal (touch) temporal (hearing) frontal (speech, planning, interpreting) left=language/speech/math/reasoning right=creativity/spatial/attachment/social relationships |
| immediate effects of stress | sympathetic; epinephrine and norepinephrine released from nerve endings (2-3 seconds) |
| intermediate effects of stress | adrenal response, epinephrine and norepinephrine released from medulla (20-30 seconds) |
| prolonged effects of stress | ACTH (HPA Axis), vasopressin, and thyroxine affect various metabolic processes (prolonged periods of time) |
| depression | 4.5 times greater for heart attack, 1.88 times greater risk of cancer; physical decline, osteoporosis, lower compliance |
| anxiety | 3 times greater risk of fatal heart disease |
| hostility/anger | 2 times greater risk of mortality and fatal heart attacks |
| direct effects of stress | release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, inhibits the immune system |
| IL6 | pro-inflammatory cytokine; critical to repairing injured tissue or resolving infections |
| mental imagery and visualization | improves mood, decreases cortisol levels, improve time of healing; most effective when self-generated, fits with values and ideals; improves athletic performance |
| 3 symptoms of PTSD | 1. Re-experiencing 2. Avoidance 3. Hyperarousal |
| Stages of treatment for PTSD | 1. provide education 2. teach relaxation and coping skills 3. create trauma narrative (exposure therapy) |
| Big 5 Personality Traits | 1. openness to experience 2. conscientiousness 3. extraversion 4. agreeableness 5. neuroticism |
Created by:
jbrueckner