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history final 9 pt 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Herbert hoover | served as secretary of Commerce and later as the President of the United States from 1929 to 1933, during the Great Depression. His administration's response to the Great Depression was widely criticized for its ineffectiveness. |
| speculation | practice of making high-risk investments in hopes of obtaining large profits |
| black Tuesday | October 29, 1929, when stock prices fell sharply in the Great Crash |
| Great depression | period lasting from 1929 to 1941 in which the U.S. economy faltered and unemployment soared |
| Hawley-Smoot tariff | protective tax on imports enacted by Congress in 1930 in an effort to counter the nation's slide into the Great Depression |
| business cycle | periodic growth and contraction of the economy |
| bread line | line of people waiting for food handouts from charities or public agencies |
| hooverville | term used to describe makeshift shantytowns set up by homeless people during the Great Depression |
| tenant farmer | farmer who pays rent to a landowner for the use of the land |
| dust bowl | term used for the central and southern Great Plains during the 1930s, when the region suffered from drought and dust storms |
| okies | general term used to describe Dust Bowl refugees |
| repatriation | process by which government officials return persons to their country of origin |
| localism | policy relied on by President Hoover in the early years of the Great Depression, whereby local and state governments act as primary agents of economic relief |
| reconstruction finance corporation RFC | federal agency set up by Congress in 1932 to provide emergency government credit to banks, railroads, and other large businesses |
| Trickle down economics | economic theory that holds that financial benefits given to banks and large businesses will trickle down to smaller businesses and consumers |
| hoover dam | dam on the Colorado River that was built during the Great Depression |
| bonus army | group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand early payment of a bonus promised them by Congress |
| douglas macarthur | commanded American troops in World War I, where he developed a reputation for bravery. As supreme commander of Allied forces in the Pacific (1942–1945) he accepted Japan's surrender to end World War II. |
| FDR | assistant secretary of the Navy, stricken with polio Roosevelt recovered to resume his political career as governor of New York. he lead the nation through the Great Depression and World War II before dying in office in 1945. |
| Eleanor roosevelt | the wife of President FDR. became a public figure in her own right, traveling the country promoting the causes of helping women, children, and the poor. she served as a U.S. delegate to the United Nations, focusing on human rights and women's issues. |
| new deal | programs and legislation pushed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression to promote economic recovery and social reform |
| fireside chats | informal radio broadcasts in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt explained his view of issues at hand (including the Great Depression, New Deal programs, and World War II) to average Americans |
| federal deposit insurance corporation FDIC | government agency created during the New Deal that insures bank deposits, guaranteeing that depositors' money will be safe |
| Tennessee valley authority TVA | government agency created during the New Deal to build dams in the Tennessee River valley to control flooding and generate electric power |
| civilian conservation corps CCC | New Deal program that provided young men with relief jobs on environmental conservation projects, including reforestation and flood control |
| national recovery administration NRA | New Deal agency that promoted economic recovery by regulating production, prices, and wages |
| public works administration PWA | New Deal agency that provided millions of jobs constructing public buildings as well as airports, dams, and bridges |
| Charles coughlin | won a huge audience in the 1930s for his radio broadcasts, first supporting fdr's New Deal and later opposing it. vocally opposed U.S. entrance into WWII and after he began making anti-Semitic remarks, Catholic officials ordered him to stop broadcasting |
| Huey long | elected governor of Louisiana in 1928, provided reforms to help the poor during the depression.became a vocal critic of fdrs New Deal and called for a redistribution of the nation's wealth. assassinated in 1935 for trying to run for president |
| works progress administration WPA | key New Deal agency that provided work relief through various public works projects |
| john maynard keynes | a British economist best known for his advocacy of government intervention to protect the economy from the negative effects of recessions, depressions, and booms. He outlined his ideas in The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money , (1936) |
| pump priming | economic theory that favored public works projects because they put money into the hands of consumers who would buy more goods, stimulating the economy |
| social security act | 1935 law that set up a pension system for retirees, established unemployment insurance, created insurance for victims of work-related accidents, and provided aid for poverty-stricken mothers and children, the blind, and the disabled |
| wagner act | New Deal law that abolished unfair labor practices, recognized the right of employees to organize labor unions, and gave workers the right to collective bargaining |
| collective bargaining | process in which employers negotiate with labor unions about hours, wages, and other working conditions |
| fair labor standards act | 1938 law that set a minimum wage, a maximum work week of 44 hours, and outlawed child labor |
| congress of industrial organizations CIO | labor organization founded in the 1930s that was composed of industrial unions which represented all workers in an industry regardless of their job or skill |
| sit down strike | organized labor action in which workers stop working and occupy the workplace until their demands are met |
| court packing | President Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to add six new justices to the nine-member Supreme Court after the Court had ruled some New Deal laws to be unconstitutional |
| black cabinet | group of African-American leaders who served as unofficial advisers to Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| mary McLeod bethune | an American educator who served as a special adviser on minority affairs to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, as well as being active in several other reform organizations. |
| indian new deal | 1930s legislation that gave Indians greater control over their affairs and provided funding for schools and hospitals |
| new deal coalition | political force formed by diverse groups who united to support Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal |
| welfare state | government that assumes responsibility for providing for the welfare of the poor, elderly, sick, and unemployed |
| brain trust | professionals and academics hired by FDR to help combat the Depression |
| frances perkins | first female cabinet member |
| agricultural adjustment act | law that offered farmers subsidies in exchange for limiting their production of certain crops |
| bank holiday | the closing and restructuring of united states banks |
| HOLC | loaned money at low interest rates to home owners |
| FHA | insured bank loans to repair and build homes |
| wagner act | gave employees the right to collective bargaining |
| Schechter poultry vs US | supreme court ruled NIRA unconstitutional |
| FERA | granted funds to state and local agencies to help unemployed |
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