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Motor Behavior Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An umbrella term for the fields of motor control, motor learning, and motor development. | Motor behavior |
| The investigation of the neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of human movement. | motor control |
| The study of the processes involved in the acquisition of a motor skill and the factors that enhance or inhibit the ability to perform a motor skill. | motor learning |
| The examination of the products and underlying processes of motor behavior. | motor development |
| The number of independent elements that must be constrained to produce coordinated motion. | degrees of freedom |
| The sequencing and order of movement behaviors. | serial order problem |
| Errors in speech that result from exchanging letters in adjacent words Ex – dirthday instead of birthday | spoonerisms |
| The simultaneous motions that occur in sequential tasks. | coarticulation |
| A permanent change in the ability to execute a motor skill as a result of practice or experience. | motor learning |
| The act of executing a motor skill that results in a temporary, nonpermanent change. | performance |
| Intellectual skills of the mover. | cognitive skills |
| Skills that involve interpreting and integrative sensory information to determine the best movement outcome | Perceptual skills. |
| The physical elements that enable the movement. | motor skills |
| Basic skills that include throwing, jumping, catching, kicking, and striking. | fundamental motor skills |
| Provides a framework for grouping motor skills into themes for teaching fundamental motor skills. | movement taxonomies or movement taxonomy |
| The level of development occurring over the life span of one individual. | ontogeny |
| The ability to recall things; allows us to benefit from experience. | memory |
| The ability to focus on selected sensory information while ignoring irrelevant information. | selective attention |
| A limitation on performance as a result of exceeding one’s attentional capacity. | interference |
| A theory suggesting that human attention is limited because the central nervous system does not have endless space in which to process information. | central limited capacity |
| Information that is only stored in memory for a relatively short period of time (typically 20-30 seconds). | short-term memory |
| Sharpness of vision. | visual acuity |
| Boundaries that limit a person’s movement capabilities. | constraints |
| A perspective that address the interplay of the environment, task, and individual on skilled movement. Movement is the result of a self-organization of many systems, owing to interactions across these constraints. | dynamic systems approach |
| A motor development or learning perspective that rejects the hierarchical view of the brain as the ultimate controller of movement. This perspective stress the role of the environment as it interacts with the individual to produce fluid movement. | ecological approach |
| Constraints imposed by the task itself, including the goals of the movement, rules, and equipment. | task constraints |
| Individual constraints imposed by physical characteristics such as gender, height, weight, and body makeup. | structural constraints |
| External conditions that can aid or hinder movement patters (e.g., weather, temperature, lighting, floor surface, step height). | physical environmental constraints |
| Individual constraints imposed by psychological variables such as motivation, arousal, and intellect. | functional constraints |
| A representation of a pattern of movements that is modifiable to produce a movement outcome; enables the production of skilled movement in the information-processing theory. | generalized motor program (GMP) |
| Rules or relationships developed through accumulated experiences within a generalized program. | schemas |
| Variables that induce a shift from the current attractor state to a new attractor state. | control parameters |
| The elements of the generalized motor program that enable a quarterback to pass the football to different positions on the field are called... | Parameters |
| Which of the following can explain the change that has occurred when a racquetball player with tendinitis has altered his stroke to a tennis stroke to decrease the stress on the elbow? Altering the stroke would be a(n)... | Phase shift |
| Using a smaller ball when practicing throwing with 10-year-olds is an example of manipulating what type of constraint? | Task constraint |
| The action possibilities of the environment and task in relation to the perceiver’s own capabilities are called | Affordances |
| Which of the following is not an invariant feature? Relative force Relative timing Overall duration Sequence of actions | Overall duration |
| An individual’s motivation to practice is an example of which type of constraint? | Functional constraint |
| T/F. Ontogeny is the level of development occurring over the life span of one individual. | True |
| T/F. Using the age classifications in the book, a young adult is between 20 and 25 years of age. | False |
| T/F. Performance is observable. | True |
| An umbrella term for the fields of motor development motor learning, and motor control. | Motor behavior |
| Which of the following is an example of an externally paced motor skill? Golf Bowling Baseball batting Free throw | Baseball batting |
| Which of the following is an example of a closed serial motor skill? Triple jump Wrestling takedown Jump shot Volleyball overhand serve | Triple jump |
| Which of the following is an example of an invasion game? Badminton Baseball Gymnastics Ultimate Frisbee | Ultimate Frisbee |
| A person can be skilled but not have the underlying abilities for that motor skill. True False | False |
| Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill? Kicking Throwing Sewing Bowling | Sewing |
| Which of the following is an example of a secondary rule in lacrosse? Different sticks used for men and women The four field positions Idea that no players other than the goalie may enter the circle around the goal cage if the goalie is present Idea that the object of the game is to shoot the ball into the opponent’s goal | Different sticks used for men and women |
| Which type of skills involves interpreting and integrating sensory information to determine the best movement outcome? Cognitive skills Motor skills Manipulative skills Perceptual skills | Perceptual skills |
| For which type of games is the scoring based on the number of runs? Personal performance games Fielding games Net/wall games Invasion games | Fielding games |
| For which type of games are individuals challenged to compete against their competitors and themselves? Target games Net/wall games Fielding games Personal performance games | Personal performance games |
| T/F. Building the base of fundamental motor skills will likely enable an individual to perform a wide array of similar activities. | True |
| T/F. The rules that characterize the play of the game and how the game is won are the secondary rules. | False |
| T/F. Strategies, movement skills, and movement concepts can transfer from one game to another. | True |
| Which of the following would have high intertrial variability? T-ball Golf Foul shot Running on a treadmill | Golf |
| Genetically predetermined characteristics that affect movement performance are called | Abilities |
| The ability to make one continuous anticipatory adjustments in relationship to a moving target is termed | Rate control |
| In the early stages of skill acquisition, a learner | Freezes the degrees of freedom |
| Fitts and Posner’s Learning Stages During which of F & P learning stages is attention reallocated to strategic decision making? | Autonomous stage |
| During which of F & P learning stages is it most appropriate to use demonstration, modeling, and verbal instructions? | Cognitive stage |
| In which of F & P learning stages is the practitioner’s main role to motivate the learner? | Autonomous stage |
| Which performance curve indicated that there is a direct relationship between the performance measure and time? | Linear curve |
| What is a test that is given following a break from practice? | Retention test |
| T/F. Novices require focused attention on the overall mechanics of the movement | True |
| What is the capability to make movement adjustments to fit the changing demands of the task and environmental conditions? | Adaptability |
| According to the identical elements theory, which two motor skills would have the greatest amount of transfer? | Racquet ball and tennis |
| T/F. Transfer is generally small and positive. | True |
| Fundamental Movement Skills can be divided into three general groupings: 1. Stability Skills 2. Locomotor Skills 3. ___________ | Object-control or Manipulative skills |
| In the assessment of FMS, Qualitative is to Quantitative as Process is to _____________. | Product |
| T/F. As people move into older adulthood, they are predominantly learning to combine two or more discrete skills. | false |
| Spontaneous movements in infants are also referred to as _________________. | sterotypies |
| More girls than boys remain unskilled into their middle school years in this FMS. | overarm throw for distance and accuracy |
| T/F. Walking is an automatic skill that is unaffected by environmental considerations. | false |
| T/F. Primitive reflexes precede stereotypies. | |
| T/F. The whole body approach is based on the perspective that the entire body (e.g., for throwing, the torso, arms, and legs) develops at the same rate. | |
| Describe stage 1 running in terms of: Arms, Foot contact, and Stride | What are arms held high, flat footed contact, short/wide stride? |
| Growth curve of stature that best describes rates of change in height. | velocity curve |
| Growth curve of stature that best describes heights at different ages. | distance curve |
| The reason why the women are generally shorter than men. | on average, women grow two years less than men |
| Body part that changes the least amount during the growth years relative to other body segments. | head |
| I can see at 20 feet what most people see at 40 feet. | 20/40 visual acuity |
| The ability to see in three dimensions. | depth perception |
| Growth in the number of muscle fibers. | |
| Hormone primarily responsible for the adolescent growth spurt? | adrenal |
| T/F. From birth to age 20 heart rates increases. | false |
| Twins who have identical genotypes are called _______. | Identical |
| Learning cause and effect about one’s movements occurs in this stage (Piaget). | sensorimotor |
| Type of knowledge most closely associated with decision-making in sport. | procedural |
| T/F. Selective attention refers to a person’s ability to perform several tasks simultaneously. | false |
| The memory of personal events. | episodic memory |
| Organizing a great deal of information into groups is referred to as ___________. | subjective organization |
| T/F. In general, playing of a sport results in greater declarative knowledge about the sport than simply being an educated spectator. | true |
| Point of view (Piaget) that is due to the inability of the child to view the world from another person’s perspective. | Egocentric |
| Working memory is the structure that transfers information to ____________memory. | long term memory |
| Factual knowledge about action is called ___________. | declarative |
| Logical thinking about events experienced occurs in this stage (Piaget). | concrete stage |
| “Who am I?” in the social world is a part of this Erikson stage. | “identity vs. role confusion” |
| Correct developmental order of Erikson’s stages: 1. industry 2. autonomy 3. basic trust 4. identity | 3,2,1,4 |
| In Harter’s model of competence motivation, success at challenges that are not too difficult or too easy leads to PERCEPTIONS OF COMPETENCE and ___________. | positive affect |
| Copying a model’s style and skill is evident at this developmental level of self-regulation. | emulation |
| Self-motivational beliefs are in this phase o Zimmerman’s model of self-regulation. | forethought |
| Group of individuals that have the greatest impact upon adolescent participation in sport. | Peers |
| T/F. Social comparison becomes an important issue in Erikson’s stage of autonomy. | false |
| T/F. Finer discrimination of competence areas increases with age. | true |
| _____________ refers to a person’s belief that she will be successful in a specific task. | self-efficacy |
| _________ is a state of activation and excitability that will likely enhance performance. | arousal |
| Nonlinear pedagogy is associated with which of the following? A. Direct teaching of identical motor patterns to all students B. Problem Solving and Discovery Learning C. Consistency of motor patterns among learners D. “Gold Standards” for learning | B. Problem Solving and Discovery Learning |
| Equipment should match the size and strength of the learner. This is referred to as _______________. | Body-scaled equipment |
| An ego-driven climate emphasizes..... | Improvement in skills compared to other students |
| Place the following in developmental order: Investment years Sampling years Specializing years | Sampling years Specializing years Investment years |
| Which of the following is associated with improved performance, delayed gratification, and extrinsic motivation? Deliberate practice Structured practice Deliberate play Free play | Deliberate practice |
| Place the following levels of Hellison’s social responsibility model in order. Participation and effort Caring and helping Respecting rights and feelings of others | Respecting rights and feelings of others Participation and effort Caring and helping |
| “I will focus on a spot on the backboard as I throw the ball.” This is an example of which type of goal? | Process |
| Which of the theories argues that demonstrations are effective because they present and refine a template for movement? Bandura’s social learning Schmidt’s schema theory Ecological theories Dynamic systems theory | Schmidt’s schema theory |
| Conscious awareness in motor learning is referred to as | Explicit learning |
| T/F. Winning a conference title is a performance goal. | FALSE |
| T/F. Watching models who perform a task very well is always more effective for learning than watching novices. | FALSE |
| T/F. Children focus on movement form more than movement outcome. | FALSE |
| T/F. External focus for novice learners is usually recommended. | TRUE |
| The contextual interference effect generally supports which type of practice for acquiring motor skills? Constant Variable Blocked Random | Random |
| If individuals practice the same skill repeatedly, this is referred to as what type of practice? | Constant |
| This part practice method breaks a task into distinct parts, often along the dimension of time. | Segmentation |
| Which of the following is a knowledge of results (KR)? You need to follow through more Your ball landed short of the pin Be sure you contact the ball in front of your shoulder | Your ball landed short of the pin |
| Augmented feedback that is presented to the learner during the production of the movement is called | Concurrent FB |
| What is the feedback schedule called when feedback is provided for every attempt following the performance of several attempts? | Summary FB |
| T/F. The more frequently FB is provided following performance attempts, the greater the gains in learning. | FALSE |
| Peak athletic performance occurs between the ages of 25-___ (Gabbard 2004). | 35 |
Created by:
macalv