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Bio U2 L9 Carbs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are monosaccharides? | Simplest carbohydrates AKA simple sugars |
| What are monosaccharides used for in the body? | Energy or building blocks for polysaccharides. |
| What are monosaccharides made of? | Hydroxyl groups & 1 carbonyl |
| How are polysaccharides named? | # carbon in backbone & where carbonyl group is. Example: aldoses & ketones. 7-sep, 6-hex, 4-tetr, 3-tri |
| What kind of shapes do monosaccharides come in? | Linear (line, only 1%) or ring (circle, most stable 99%) |
| What causes monosaccharides to go into a ring shape? | Carbonyl groups react w/ hydroxyl to form ring. (- and + charges). Oxygen always part of the ring (specific carb thing) |
| How do you read simplified monosaccharide structures? | Angles = carbons, always attached to those carbons = hydrogen, all other functional groups = labeled |
| What are 3 extremely common and similar-looking monosaccharides? | Glucose (3 bonds down), Galactose (2 pointing to the galaxy), Mannose (balls up) |
| What are the names and functions of three common saccharides? | Fructose (sugar in fruit), ribose (RNA), deoxyribose (DNA) |
| Tell me about disaccharides. | 2 monosaccharides for bonds using using 2 hydroxyl groups. This bond = glycosidic linkage (sweet linking). |
| What are anomeric carbons? | Carbon of bonding and breaking in disaccarides and polysaccharides |
| How do we identify anomeric carbons? | Look for oxygen bound to two oxygen. One oxygen will be found in the ring of the monosaccharide itself. Second oxygen will be part of a hydroxyl group or glycosidic linkage |
| What does the term "polysaccharide" mean? | Many parts. Much larger chain made of repeating or same monosaccharides. |
| Compare structural vs. storage polysaccharides. | Structural: tough, fiberous, reinforce cellular structures, use BETA linkages, not branched (able to stack and perfect for storage of energy AKA potato) example = cellulose in plants. Storage: broken down my animals, used for quick energy, enzymes used to |
| How many glucose monosaccharides are used to create storage polysaccharides? | 100s-1000 |
| What shape are polysaccharides in? Why? | Helical (telephone chord). Through use of alpha1-4 linkages. Alpha1-6 makes branches |
| What kind of storage polysaccharides are found in plants? Animals? | Starch. Glycogen. |
| Tell me about alpha and beta linkages. | ALPHA: used for storage polysaccharides. Can be broken down by animal-created enzymes. BETA: used for structural polysaccharides. Can only be broken down by micro organisms found in stomachs of certain creatures. (Cow. Termites) |
| What is another name for Structural polysaccharides? | Dietary fiber |
| What kind of linkages are used by structural polysaccharides? | Beta 1-4. Each monomer is flipped (alternating) |
| What is the shape of a structural polymer? | Long, straight, uncoiled. |
| What are the plant, bug, and animal examples of structural polysaccharides? | Cellulose, chitin, and glycosaminoglycans |
| Tell me about structural polysaccharides. Everything. | AKA dietary fiber. Use beta 1-4 linkages. Strands hydrogen-bond to each other = tough. Each monomer is flipped (alternating.) long, straight, uncoiled. Plant ex: cellulose. Bug ex: chitin. Animal ex: glycosaminoglycans |
| How many subunits are in oligosaccharides? | 3-40 subunits |
| Do oligosaccharides have diverse or repeating monosaccharides? | Diverse. Many differing kinds |
| Oligosaccharides: very branched or not at all? | Very branched |
| Where do we find oligosaccharides? | Bonded to protein or phospholipid in cell membrane OR inside organelles (lysosome from digesting itself) |
| What are Oligosaccharides used for? | Cell identification. Cell protection from invaders. Responsible for blood types. |
| What happens if you give someone a different blood type than what they have? | Immune system flare-up because of foreign cells, hystemic response, shock, and death. Moral of the story: don't do that. |
| Tell me about ABO glycolipids & bloodtypes. | ABO glycolipid determine blood type by functional group on the end of bloodcells. |
| What is on the ABO glycolipid of O blood type? | Psyche! Nothing is on the end of O |
| What is on the ABO glycolipid of A blood type? | GalNAc |
| What is on the ABO glycolipid of B blood type? | Galactose |
| What is on the ABO glycolipid of AB blood type? | Galactose & GalNAc |
| How do we number carbon atoms in a monosaccharide ring? | Anomeric carbon = 1 go clockwise when counting them up. If there is a branch on the monosaccharide, the carbon of the branch is #1, then go clockwise counting up. |
| If a monosaccharide's anomeric carbon is carbon #1, what is the name of the monosaccharide? | Aldose |
| If the anomeric carbon is carbon #2 in a monosaccharide, what is this monosaccharide called? | Ketose |
Created by:
Hwillis13