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Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the main functions of blood. | Transportation of oxygen, nutrients and other substances (such as hormones) to the cells and removes waste products and carbon dioxide away from the cells for elimination |
| List the components of blood. | Plasma, Erythrocytes/red blood cells, Leukocytes/white blood cells, Thrombocytes/platelets. |
| Describe the main function for Leukocytes. | Destroy pathogens by phagocytosis or antibody production. (Destruction of pathogens directly or indirectly by releasing substances that attack the pathogen) |
| What is the function of platelets. | Essential to the coagulation process. They clump together to form a platelet plug at the site of an injury. |
| Describe the function of lymphocytes. | Fights against viral infected cells and play an important role in immunity by aiding the production of antibodies against organisms |
| Describe the function of erythrocytes. | Transport oxygen to the cells by the haemoglobin and carry carbon dioxide back from the cells to the lungs - to be exhaled. |
| Name the main difference between plasma and serum. | Plasma contains fibrinogen and other clotting factors, serum does not contain fibrinogen or other clotting factors. |
| Define haemostasis | The process in which blood clots (coagulates) and bleeding stops after a blood vessel is injured. |
| Describe primary Vasoconstriction | Vasoconstriction, The damage blood vessel constricts to reduce the flow of blood to the area, which reduces the blood flow past the injured area and reduces blood lost |
| Name the 2 stages that primary haemostasis consists of | Vasoconstriction and Platelet plug formation |
| Name the 2 stages of Secondary haemostasis | Fibrin clot formation, Fibrinolysis |
| Explain the blood disorder anaemia. | An abnormal reduction in the number of RBC's in the circulating blood. |
| Explain Thrombocytosis | Increased platelets |
| Explain the blood disorder Leukaemia | An increase in WBC's characterised by the presence of a large number of abnormal forms. |
| What is the clinical correlation for International Normalised Ratio? | Test to assess the ability of blood to clot (monitors the extrinsic coagulation pathway/ warfarin therapy) |
| What is the clinical correlation for bone marrow examination | Blood cell disorder |
| What is the clinical correlation for Ferritin levels | Iron deficiency/ anaemia |
| What is the clinical correlation for Haemoglobin | Anaemia |
| What is the clinical correlation for Erythrocyte sedimentation rate / plasma viscosity | Infection |
| List the formed elements | • erythrocytes/red blood cells, • leukocytes white blood cells, • thrombocytes/platelets |
| __________________ is the removal or dissolving of the clot once healing has occurred. | Fibrinolysis |
| _________________is a protein substance circulating in the blood, gets converted into plasmin. | Plasminogen |
| PCV | Packed cell volume |
| Fe | Iron |
| Hct | haematocrit |
| Hb | Haemoglobin |
| MCV | Mean corpuscular volume |
| MCH | Mean corpuscular hemoglobin |
| MCHC | Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration |
| INR | International normalisation ratio |
| PTT | Partial thromboplastin time |
| PT | Prothrombin time / Protime |
| When blood is circulating in the body, the liquid that carries the cells is | Plasma |
| Enzyme that breaks down fibrin threads | plasmin |
| Process by which degradation products are removed | phagocytosis |
| Which vitamin is responsible for the synthesis of coagulation factors | Vit K |
| Blood cells develop from | haemocytoblasts |
| In an adult, red marrow is found mainly in the spongy bone of the | skull, sternum, clavicles, ribs, vertebrae and pelvis |
| Name 10 solutes in plasma | GASSES •Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen MINERALS •Calcium, potassium •Sodium NUTRIENTS •Carbohydrates, lipids PROTEINS •Albumin •Antibodies •Fibrinogen WASTE • urea , creatinine, uric acid OTHER •Vitamins, hormones, drugs |
| What is the function of basophils | Release histamine & heparin which enhance inflammatory response |
| What is the function of monocytes | •Phagocytic – engulf and destroy pathogens and ‘present’ micro-organisms to the lymphocytes |
| What is the role of the liver in coagulation | •Manufactures coagulation factors e.g. fibrinogen, prothrombin •Produces bile salts necessary for the absorption of vitamin K (necessary for the production of coagulation factors) •Mast cells in liver produce heparin |
| Plasma | The top layer of clear fluid used for testing after an anticoagulant tube has been centrifuged. It contains fibrinogen and clotting factors |
| Buffy coat | The layer of WBC and platelets that forms between RBC and plasma when anti-coagulated blood settles or is centrifuged |
| Leukopenia | An abnormal decrease in WBC’s |
| Thrombocytopenia | Decreased platelets |
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | Pathological widespread simultaneous clotting and fibrinolysis in which clotting factors are consumed to such an extent that bleeding occurs |
| Sickle-cell anaemia | Hereditary condition involving the production of abnormal hemoglobin that distorts the RBC into a sickle shape |
| Polycythaemia | An abnormal increase in RBC’s. patients are often treated by therapeutic phlebotomy. |
| Clinical correlation of Fe | Anaemia |
| Clinical correlation of D-Dimer | When a blood clot is suspected somewhere in the body (in particular the lungs) |
| DIC | Disseminated intravascular coagulation |
| What is the clinical correlation for Partial Thromboplastin time? | Test to measure clotting time in blood (monitors the intrinsic coagulation pathway/ heparin therapy) |
| PV | Plasma viscosity |
| Identify the 2 pathways involved with haemostasis? | Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways |
| Identify the protein substance required to entrap blood cells to form a stable clot | Fibrin/ fibrin threads |
Created by:
cisca