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Final Exam Review
Review for 7th Grade Final Exam 2018
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| artifact | something made by humans |
| Iroquois | known as people of the Longhouse |
| clan | group of people who trace their family to a common ancestor |
| confederacy | group of loosely united peoples or states |
| culture | way of life of a group of people |
| extended family | nuclear family plus aunts, uncles, grandparents |
| land bridge | a narrow piece of land (like a bridge)- from Asia to North America across The Bering Streit |
| longhouse | type of house used by the Iroquois |
| matrilineal | mother's side of the family |
| myth | story used to explain something in nature |
| nuclear family | parents and children |
| Pre-Columbian | before Christopher Columbus |
| prehistoric | before written history |
| reservation | land set aside or given to Indians |
| siblings | brothers and sisters |
| three sisters | corn, beans, squash |
| tobacco | sacred plant used by the Iroquois in ceremonies |
| Tuscarora | 6th nation to join the Iroquois Confederacy |
| 5 nations of Iroquois Confederacy | Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk |
| Reason Iroquois Confederacy was formed | end fighting with each other and to provide strength against common enemies |
| gave birth to twins known as right-handed twin and left-handed twin | Sky Women |
| Sky woman landed on a _____________ back and a ____________ got mud from the bottom of the ocean to create North America | turtle's; muskrat |
| right-handed twin | created what was good- plants, animals, rivers, fish |
| left-handed twin | created what was bad- bones in fish, thorns on berry bushes, winter, monsters |
| Samual de Champlain | sailed for France; discovered the Great Lakes, founded Quebec as a fur trading post, and was the Father of New France |
| Christopher Columbus | sailed for Spain; took four voyages and explored the West Indies |
| Hernando Cortez | sailed for Spain; conqueror of Mexico and the Aztecs |
| Henry Hudson | sailed for England and Holland |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | established a navigational school |
| Northwest Passage | all water route from Europe to Asia by sailing west |
| Line of Demarcation | imaginary line dividing the world for exploration between Spain and Portugal- established by the Pope |
| 3 main reasons for exploration | god, glory, gold! |
| Aztecs | Natives of Mexico conquered by Cortez |
| circumnavigate | to sail around the world |
| Columbian Exchange | transfer of plants, animals, diseases, culture, ideas, and technology between Europe and North America |
| conquistador | term for Spanish conqueror |
| convert | to change someone's (religious) beliefs |
| exports | products made to be sold in another country |
| imports | products brought into a country to be sold |
| Incas | natives of Peru- conquered by Pizarro |
| mercantilism | the purpose of a colony was to benefit the mother country |
| missionary | clergy who are sent abroad to do religious work |
| mouth (of a river) | where a river flows into a larger body of water |
| physical boundary | a natural boundary- Tonawanda Creek |
| political boundary | a man-made boundary- Transit Road |
| source (of a river) | where a river begins- a larger body of water, mountains- never salt water |
| New England colonies | Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island |
| Middle colonies | New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware |
| Southern colonies | Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia |
| separatist | person who wanted to break with the Anglican Church |
| indentured servant | a person who worked for 3-7 years to pay his passage to new world |
| Pilgrims | separatists who started Plymouth Colony (1620) |
| Puritans | separatists who settled in Massachusetts Bay Colony |
| Quakers | open-minded religious group that settled in Pennsylvania |
| John Rolfe | marred Pocahontas, made peace with Powhatan Indians, and brought tobacco to Jamestown |
| John Smith | Took control of Jamestown and said, "No work, no food." |
| Peter Minuit | Purchased Manhattan Island for $24 worth of goods |
| apprentice | a teen learning a trade from a master craftsman |
| House of Burgesses | Virginia Legislature- first representative government in America |
| Triangular Trade | trade routes connecting the continents of North America, Europe, Africa |
| Virginia Company | Joint Stock Company that set up colonies in North America |
| Jamestown, Virginia | first permanent ENGLISH settlement in New World (1607) |
| French and Indian War | 7 years war between England and France over The Ohio River Valley; France loses their land |
| Treaty of Paris (1763) | ended the French and Indian War; England got land from Appalachian Mountains to Mississippi River |
| Mayflower Compact | an agreement (form of government) by the Pilgrims in Plymouth because the Pilgrims landed north of Virginia Company's land |
| Sam Adams | leader of the Sons of Liberty |
| Benedict Arnold | American who tried to sell West Point to the British |
| John Burgoyne | British General, "Gentleman Johnny," defeated in Battle of Saratoga |
| John Hancock | first person to sign the Declaration of Independence |
| Patrick Henry | Patriot who said, "Give me liberty or give me death." |
| Hessians | German mercenaries (hired soliders) who helped the British |
| Thomas Jefferson | author of the Declaration of Independence and a president |
| Loyalists (Tories) | people who supported England during the Revolution |
| Minutemen | men who would be ready to defend America at a minute's notice |
| Thomas Paine | wrote "Common Sense" urging Patriots to separate from England |
| Patriots (Rebels) | people who wanted the colonies to be free |
| Redcoats | British soldiers |
| Paul Revere | made the famous ride warning the Minutemen that, "The British are coming!" |
| Baron von Steuben | trained Washington's troops at Valley Forge |
| George Washington | General of the Continental Army- first president |
| boycott | to refuse to buy goods |
| embargo | a government organized boycott of goods |
| militia | men willing to serve in the army for a short time- not a career soldier |
| smuggle | to sneak goods in or out of a country |
| tariff | tax on imported goods |
| treason | committing a crime against his/her country |
| civilian | a person NOT in the military |
| American Revolution causes | "No taxation without representation." |
| American Revolution results | The colonies became independent and formed the United States of America. |
| Boston Massacre | clash between British troops and Boston colonists; 5 colonists were killed |
| Boston Tea Party | Patriots protested the Tea Act by throwing tea shipment into Boston Harbor |
| Battles at Lexington and Concord | British tried to capture Sam Adams, John Hancock, and gunpowder |
| Battle of Saratoga, NY | Turning Point of the War- France joins the Americans |
| Valley Forge | Baron von Steuben trains Washington's troops in European Warfare; General Washington's winter headquarters |
| West Point | fort on Hudson River; who ever controlled this fort would probably win the war |
| Yorktown | last battle of the Revolution; Cornwallis surrenders |
| Declaration of Independence | document that declared U.S. free and independent from Britain; listed the reasons for independence |
| Treaty of 1783 | set terms to end the war; Mississippi the western border of the U.S. |
| James Otis | "Taxation without representation is tyranny." |
| Committee of Correspondence | organized means of keeping New England colonies informed by means of letters; later spread to all colonies |
| Continental Army | Army of the colonies (United States) |
| Sons of Liberty | a secret group organized in Boston to protest acts imposed by England |
| reason France joined the Revolution on the side of the Americans | get even with England for the French and Indian War |
| president who purchased Louisiana Purchase | Thomas Jefferson |
| country who sold Louisiana Purchase to Jefferson | France (Napoleon) |
| explored the Louisiana Purchase | Lewis & Clark |
| dates of Lewis & Clark's exploration | 1803-1806 |
| impact of Louisiana Purchase | doubled size of U.S. |
| Native American guide for Lewis & Clark | Sacajawea |
| Northwest Territory | area of the U.S. north and west of the Ohio River after the Revolution |
| forbidden in Northwest Territory | slavery |
| causes of War of 1812 | impressment and British supporting Native Americans (Tecumseh) |
| Battle of New Orleans | fought after the war was over |
| Andrew Jackson | hero of the Battle of New Orleans |
| Washington, D.C. | national capital burned by the British |
| increased after War of 1812 | U.S. nationalism |
| Buffalo | city in New York burned during the War of 1812 as retaliation for the U.S. burning Newark in Canada |
| Francis Scott Key | wrote the Star Spangled Banner at Fort McHenry during the War of 1812 |
| Articles of Confederation | first plan of government for U.S. created immediately after the American Revolution; more power given to the states |
| constitution | a written plan of government |
| Monroe Doctrine | the U.S. was seen as "protector" to Latin America and stated that the Americas were closed to colonization by Europeans |
| annexation | to add to an existing country |
| Alamo | mission used as a fortress; defenders did not surrender; Davy Crockett dies |
| Stephen Austin | established a colony in Texas with Mexico's permission |
| Sam Houston | First President of Texas and defeated the Mexicans at San Jacinto |
| Rio Grande River | border between Texas and Mexico |
| Santa Anna | Mexican leader in the Texas revolution; won at Alamo |
| Lone Star Republic | the name of Texas before it became a state and was independent |
| Indian Removal Act | act permitting the relocation of Native Americans from eastern states to the land west of the Mississippi River |
| Trail of Tears | A result of the Indian Removal Act; Native Americans were moved to Oklahoma |
| reason Andrew Jackson support the Trail of Tears | so that American settlers could have the land |
| Oregon Trail | most used trail; from Independence, Missouri to Oregon Territory; fertile land |
| Mountain Men | hunters and trappers in the Rocky Mountains (beaver) |
| James Polk | expansionist president; Oregon and Texas added during his presidency |
| Mormons | religious group that settled in Salt Lake City, Utah |
| Brigham Young | leader of the group who migrated because of religious persecution |
| Sutter's Mill in 1848 | place where gold was discovered |
| 49'ers | people who went to California in search of gold |
| squatters | people who built houses on land they did not buy |
| Erie Canal | from Hudson River to Lake Erie; helped settles move west; important for trade |
| Asa Ransom | first settler in Clarence |
| Holland Land Company | name of company that owned the property in Clarence/WNY |
| Joseph Ellicott | name of the land agent and surveyor of WNY |
| Manifest Destiny | idea that it was the nation's destiny to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean |
| two presidents MOST associated with the expansion of the U.S. to the Pacific Ocean | Jefferson & Polk |
| John Wilkes Booth | assassinated President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre |
| carpetbaggers | name given to the people who moved to the south to make money from reconstruction |
| Jefferson Davis | president of the Confederate States of America |
| Robert E. Lee | General of the Confederate army |
| Abraham Lincoln | President of the United States during the Civil War; wanted to keep the union together |
| Northern advantages | more people/soldiers, leadership of Lincoln, more ships/controlled shipping, more factories, more railroads |
| Southern advantages | fighting for a cause, outstanding generals, fighting on home ground, rural lifestyle/riding & hunting, cotton sold for weapons |
| Northern disadvantages | generals not aggressive, fighting far from home, 3,500 mile coastline to blockade, not fighting for a "cause" |
| Southern disadvantages | few industries, fewer men/soldiers, leadership of Jefferson Davis, no real navy |
| Mason-Dixon Line | border between Maryland and Pennsylvania; separates the free states from the slave states |
| Richmond, Virginia | Capital of the Confederacy |
| Washington, D.C. | Capital of the United States |
| Fort Sumter | in South Carolina; first battle of the Civil War |
| Battle of Gettysburg | Turning Point of the War; Union victory |
| Monitor and Merrimac | iron clad warships; battle ended in a draw |
| Appomattox Court House | site of Robert E. Lee's surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant |
| immediate cause of the Civil War | South firing on Fort Sumter |
| other causes of Civil War | South seceded from the union, sectionalism, states' rights, economic differences between north and south |
| economy of north | industries |
| economy of south | plantation economies; depended on slaves |
| immediate result of the Civil War | nation is reunited |
| other results of Civil War | south is devastated, reconstruction, abolition of slavery |
| dates of Civil War | April 12, 1861 to April 9, 1865 |
| Missouri Compromise | Missouri admitted as a slave state and Maine admitted as a free state; maintains balance between slave and free states |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | book by Harriett Beecher Stowe that described slavery; motivated people to become abolitionists |
| abolitionist | people who wanted to abolish (end) slavery |
| blockade | blocking ships from entering ports |
| blockade runners | independent ship owners who try to get supplies past a blockade |
| border states | Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri |
| Divide and Conquer | defeat one area, then defeat another, etc. |
| impeachment | to bring an elected official to trial for misconduct or a crime |
| Ku Klux Klan | a group trying to stop the civil rights of former slaves |
| martial law | the military helps with law enforcement |
| nationalism | love for and loyalty to your country (patriotism) |
| Reconstruction | rebuilding the south after the Civil War |
| sectionalism | loyalty and concern for a small part of a country; your region is most important to you |
| tariff | tax on imported goods |
| Underground Railroad | system of hiding escaped slaves to move them North (Canada) using hiding places, guides, and abolitionists |
Created by:
Mrs. Zoeller