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Anatomy Summative
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| HIV | Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
| ABG | Arterial blood gas |
| FBC | Full blood count |
| MI | Myocardial infarction |
| COPD | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| CO2 | Carbon dioxide |
| GTT | Glucose tolerance test |
| STD | Sexually transmitted disease |
| UTI | Urinary tract infection |
| URI | Upper respiratory infection |
| U&E | Urea and electrolytes |
| UUKE | Uric acid, Urea, Creatinine and electrolytes |
| LMP | Last menstrual period |
| ESR | Erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
| In which hospital ward are children treated? | Paediatric ward |
| A doctor that specializes in the study of disease | Pathologist |
| Define hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver |
| Define Gravid | pregnant |
| What is Tinea pedis? | Fungal infection of the foot |
| Define Myocardial infarction | Death of heart muscle tissue |
| Name the vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sides | Sagittal plane |
| What is the function of the Hematology department in a laboratory? | Identifies diseases of the blood and examines blood cells. Performs coagulation studies |
| What is the function of the Serology department in a laboratory? | Determines the body's autoimmune reaction and the body's response to the presence of bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites |
| Medial | Towards the midline |
| Supine | Lying on the back, face up |
| Prone | Lying on abdomen, face down |
| Both sides | Bilateral |
| Lateral | on the side / outer side |
| Palmar | Palm of the hand |
| Plantar | Sole of the foot |
| What is the clinical correlation for PSA | Prostate cancer |
| What is the clinical correlation for INR | Blood test for clotting ability / Coagulation disorders / Warfarin therapy |
| What is the clinical correlation for B-HCG | Pregnancy |
| Name the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland | Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine, Calcitonin |
| Name the hormone secreted by the pineal gland | Melatonin |
| PSA | Prostate specific antigen |
| BHCG | Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin |
| Name the hormone secreted by the thymus gland | Thymosin |
| Name the hormones secreted by the adrenal glands | Adrenalin, Nor-adrenalin, Aldosterone, Cortisol |
| Name the hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland | Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Growth hormone, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Melanocyte stimulating hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Interstitial cell stimulating hormone, Prolactin |
| Name the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland | Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone |
| What is the name of the membranes surrounding the brain? | Meninges |
| What fluid is found between the meninges? | Cerebrospinal fluid |
| Describe the structure of capillaries | Microscopic one cell thick vessels. They connect the arterioles to the venules |
| Describe the structure of the walls of the arteries | The wall has 3 layers: Inner layer is the tunica intima, composed of endothelium (single layer of endothelial cells); Middle layer is the tunica media, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle (this layer is thicker than the tunica media layer in ve |
| Name the primary function of the Integumentary system | Protection - from invasion of bacteria and dehydration |
| Name the primary function of the Nervous system | Coordination and communication of all body functions |
| Name the primary function of the Lymphatic system | Return tissue fluid to the blood / plays and important role in immunity |
| Name the primary function of the Urinary system | Maintain the fluid balance of the body, excretion of waste |
| Name the primary function of the Respiratory system | Gasseous exchange between the atmosphere and the cells |
| Gastroenteritis | Inflammation of the stomach and intestine |
| Asthma | Muscular spasm of the bronchi causing difficulty in breathing. It may be caused by infections or allergy |
| Rhinitis | Inflammation of the mucous membranes in the nose |
| Meningitis | Inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord due to a viral or bacterial infection |
| Diabetes Mellitus | A condition caused by insulin insufficiency or ineffectiveness, that prevents glucose leaving the bloodstream and entering the body cells |
| Name the primary function of the male reproductive system | Produce and ejaculate spermatozoa |
| Name the primary function of the female reproductive system | Produce mature ova and host and nourish the embryo as it develops |
| Name the 3 veins used for venepuncture in the antecubital fossa area | Median Cubital vein, Cephalic vein, Basilic vein |
| Name the primary functions of the Digestive system | Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination |
| Name the primary function of the Cardiovascular system | Transportation of gasses, nutrients and waste |
| What lab tests are requested if the doctor suspects MI? | Cardiac enzymes, inluding: Creatine kinase; CK-MB (creatine kinase isoenzymes); Troponin T or Troponin I. Aspartate aminotransferase. Lactic dehydrogenase |
| Name the blood cell that increase in allergic reactions and worm infestation | Eosinophils |
| Name the blood cells that produce antibodies | Lymphocytes |
| What is the function of the Endocrinology department in a laboratory? | Perform tests that determine the function of the endocrine glands of the body and the hormones they secrete |
| What is the function of the Microbiology department in a laboratory? | Analysis specimens for the presence of microorganisms. They identify the organism and the particular antibiotic that will be the most effective for treatment |
| What is the function of the Cytology department in a laboratory? | Analyse the structure of cells (under the microscope) for any changes caused by disease |
| What is the name of a doctor that specializes in diseases of the lungs? | Pulmonologist / Physician |
| What is the body plane called that divide the body into upper and lower parts | Transverse plane / Axial plane / Horizontal plane |
| What is the body plane called that divide the body into front and back parts | Frontal or coronal plane |
| Ventral | front |
| Proximal | nearest to the center of the body, origin or point of attachment |
| Superior | Higher or above |
| Flexion | Movement that bends a joint |
| Internal | Within or near the center of the body |
| Caudal | Beneath or lower or away from the head |
| Adduction | Movement that brings a body part closer to the central axis |
| Name the ventral body cavities | Thoracic cavity, Abdominal cavity, Pelvic cavity |
| Name the 4 types of tissue | Nervous tissue, Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue |
| What is the function of Epithelial tissue? | Covers and protects the body and lines organs, vessels and cavities |
| What is the function of Muscle tissue? | Contracts to produce movement |
| What is the function of Connective tissue? | Supports and connects all parts of the body and includes fat (adipose tissue), cartilage, bone and blood |
| What is the function of Nerve tissue? | Has the ability to transmit electrical impulses |
| What is homeostasis? | The constant state of equilibrium or balance. A steady state of good health |
| What is metabolism? | The sum of all physical and chemical reactions necessary to sustain life |
| What is Anabolism? | Constructive process by which the body converts simple substances into complex substances |
| What is Catabolism? | Destructive process by which complex substances are broken down into simple substances. Energy is usually released |
| What lubricates the skin and hair to keep them soft and supple? | Sebum |
| What is found at the end of long bones and is a connective covering where two or more bones come together? | Cartilage |
| From which cells are bones formed? | Osteoblasts |
| What is the branch of medicine specializing in bones? | Orthopaedics |
| What is the branch of medicine specializing in joints? | Rheumatology |
| What is the name of the outer membrane that covers the bone? | Periosteum |
| Name the 3 types of muscles | Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, Skeletal muscle |
| Describe skeletal muscle | It attaches to bones. It is responsible for movement of the body. It is voluntary muscle. It is striated because it appears striped when examined microscopically. It is multinucleated |
| Describe cardiac muscle | Found only in the wall of the heart. It is striated because it appears striped when examined microscopically. It is involuntary muscle. The muscle fibers are joined to the adjacent fibers by intercalated discs. |
| Describe smooth muscle | Found in the walls of veins, arteries and internal organs such as the stomach. It is involuntary muscle. It is non-striated, under the microscope it has a smooth appearance |
| Extension | Straightening of a limb |
| CK | Creatine kinase |
| AST | Aspartate aminotransferase |
| Ca | Calcium |
| K | Potassium |
| Neurons consist of 3 parts: | Axon, Dendrites, Cell body |
| Synapse | The point at which the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron come together |
| The brain consists of 3 parts: | Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain stem |
| The brain and spinal cord are protected by: | Bones, Meninges, Cerebrospinal fluid |
| CSF | Cerebrospinal fluid |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | Acts as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord. Normal clear and colourless. Becomes cloudy if the meninges are inflamed due to bacterial or viral infection |
| Name the nerves that can be damaged during venepuncture | Median nerve, Ulnar nerve, Radial nerve |
| Cirrhosis | Chronic inflammation of the liver cells resulting in their degeneration |
| Colitis | Inflammation of the colon |
| Gastrits | Inflammation of the stomach lining |
| Hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver |
| Pancreatitis | Inflammation of the pancreas |
| Diverticulitis | Inflammation of the diverticulum |
| What is the branch of medicine that specializes in disorders of the digestive system? | Gastroenterology |
| Name the accessory organs to the digestive system | Liver, Pancreas, Gall bladder |
| The kidneys are responsible for producing 2 hormones: | Renin, Erythropoietin |
| Polydipsia | Excessive thirst |
| Dysuria | Painful urination |
| Name the hormone secreted by the Parathyroid gland | Parathyroid hormone |
| Name the hormones secreted by the Islets of langerhans | Insulin, Glucagon |
| Name the hormones secreted by the Testes | Testosterone |
| Name the hormones secreted by the Ovaries | Progesterone, Estrogen |
| Hypthyroidism | Lack of Thyroxine, can be caused by Iodine deficiency. Results in decreased metabolic rate, weight gain and lethargy |
| Goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| Hypoglycaemia | Condition in which the glucose is abnormally low (in the bloodstream) from hyperinsulinism |
| Where is sperm cells stored? | Vas deferens |
| Which hormone stimulates the seminiferous tubules of the testes to produce spermatozoa? | Follicle stimulating hormone |
| What is the clinical correlation for Testosterone lab test? | Testicular function |
| What is the clinical correlation for RPR lab test? | Syphilis |
| RPR | Rapid plasma reagin |
| What is menopause? | The period that marks the permanent cessation of menstrual activity |
| What laboratory tests are done for ovarian function? | Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Progesterone, Estrogen |
| What is the clinical correlation for a PAP smear test? | Cervical or vaginal cancer |
| If CO2 levels in blood increase, blood becomes more acidic (blood pH decreases), causing the body to: | hyperventilate |
| SOB | Shortness of breath |
| What is the components of the cardiovascular system? | Heart, Blood, Blood vessels |
| Which arteries are embedded in the epicardium? | Coronary arteries |
| Pulse | The wave of increased pressure as the ventricles contract and force blood along the arteries. It is felt by compressing an artery against a bone |
| Blood pressure | The measurement of pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels |
| Systolic pressure | Measures the pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles |
| Diastolic pressure | Measures the pressure in the arteries during relaxation of the ventricles |
| What is the clinical correlation for Lipogram? | Coronary heart disease |
| What is the clinical correlation for Troponin I? | Recent myocardial infarction |
| Which vein is the first choice for venepuncture? | Median cubital vein |
| Which vein is the 3rd choice for venepuncture? | Basilic vein |
| What is the disadvantages of the basilic vein? | Not well anchored. Lies close to the median nerve - accidental puncture of the nerve. Lies close to the brachial artery - arterial blood collected by mistake |
| Where is the radial artery located? | On the thumb side or inside of the wrist |
| INR | International normalised ratio |
| What is the function of Erythrocytes? | To transport oxygen to the cells and to carry carbon dioxide back from the cells to the lungs |
| Which blood cell is sometimes called a segmented cell? | Neutrophil |
| Which white blood cell release histamine and help in the inflammatory process? | Basophil |
| Which white blood cell fight against infected cells? | Lymphocytes |
| What is the main function of platelets? | They are essential to the coagulation process. They clump together to form a platelet plug at the site of an injury |
| What is the medical term for a platelet | Thrombocyte |
| What is the main difference between serum and plasma? | Plasma contains clotting factors whereas serum doesn't contain any clotting factors |
| What is the clinical correlation for ESR | Infection |
| Which laboratory tests are done for anaemia? | Ferritin, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Full blood count |
| What is the composition of lymph? | Water, lymphocytes, oxygen, digested nutrients, hormones, salts, carbon dioxide, urea |
| Lymphosarcoma | A malignant lymphoid tumour |
| Autoimmunity | Attack by the immune system on the body's own tissue |
| Anterior / ventral | Front |
| Alveoli | • Air sacs covered with capillaries found in the lungs • Where gas exchange in the lungs takes place |
| Function of the nose | Warms, moistens, filters air Resonance chamber for the voice Receptors for sense of smell |
| Flow of air to the lungs: NOSE | Air enters nose through the nares/ nostrils and passes through nasal cavities to the pharynx |
| Function of the pharynx | Passage way for food and air Connects with the larynx Pharyngeal tonsils/ adenoids |
| Flow of air to the lungs: PHARYNX | Air travels via the naso-pharynx, through the oro-pharynx and hypo pharynx to the larynx. |
| Function of the larynx | Contains the vocal cords ( to produce sound) The epiglottis ( a leaf shaped structure) covers the top of the larynx during swallowing) |
| Flow of air to the lungs: LARYNX | Air passes from pharynx into the trachea |
| Function of the trachea | Carries air to the lungs |
| Flow of air to the lungs: TRACHEA | Air moves through the trachea to the bronchi |
| Function of the bronchi | Each bronchus divides into secondary bronchi that further divide into smaller branches in order to carry air into the lungs |
| Flow of air to the lungs: BRONCHI | Air moves through the bronchial tree until it reaches the terminal bronchioles |
| Function of the terminal bronchioles | The ends of which contain the alveoli where gaseous exchange takes place |
| Flow of air to the lungs: TERMINAL BONCHIOLES | Air flows out of the terminal bronchioles into the alveoli |
| Name the 3 layers of the blood vessels, AND give a brief description of what each layer is composed of | Tunica media • Made of smooth muscle and elastic fibres Tunica intima/interna • Made of single layer endothelial cells Tunica Externa/Adventitia • Made of connective tissue |
| Flow of air to the lungs: Alveoli | O2 leaves the alveoli and enters the capillaries. Carbon dioxide leaves the capillaries and enters the alveoli to be exhaled. |
| 4Give a brief description of the structure of capillaries • | Microscopic One cell thick vessels Connect arterioles and venules |
| Which tissue does the Autonomic nervous division stimulate? | Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands |
| Required by Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways to function | Calcium |
| GYN | Gynaecology |
| Define the term “antecubital fossa” | • Shallow depression on the anterior aspect of the elbow • where the main veins for phlebotomy are found |
| Name the structures of the neuron | • Cell body • Dendrites • Axon |
| FDP | Fibrin degradation products |
| Breaks Fibrin into degradation products | Plasmin |
| Name the three bones that connect to form the elbow joint | • Ulna • Humerus • Radius |
| Which tissue does the Somatic nervous division stimulate? | Skeletal muscle |
| Identify protective structures for the brain and spinal cord | • Skull/cranium • Meninges • Vertebral column |
| ACTH | Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| RA | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Activates the Coagulation Cascade | Thrombin |
| CHF | Congestive heart failure |
| Anterior / ventral | Front |
| Alveoli | • Air sacs covered with capillaries found in the lungs • Where gas exchange in the lungs takes place |
| Function of the nose | Warms, moistens, filters air Resonance chamber for the voice Receptors for sense of smell |
| Flow of air to the lungs: NOSE | Air enters nose through the nares/ nostrils and passes through nasal cavities to the pharynx |
| Function of the pharynx | Passage way for food and air Connects with the larynx Pharyngeal tonsils/ adenoids |
| Flow of air to the lungs: PHARYNX | Air travels via the naso-pharynx, through the oro-pharynx and hypo pharynx to the larynx. |
| Function of the larynx | Contains the vocal cords ( to produce sound) The epiglottis ( a leaf shaped structure) covers the top of the larynx during swallowing) |
| Flow of air to the lungs: LARYNX | Air passes from pharynx into the trachea |
| Function of the trachea | Carries air to the lungs |
| Flow of air to the lungs: TRACHEA | Air moves through the trachea to the bronchi |
| Function of the bronchi | Each bronchus divides into secondary bronchi that further divide into smaller branches in order to carry air into the lungs |
| Flow of air to the lungs: BRONCHI | Air moves through the bronchial tree until it reaches the terminal bronchioles |
| Function of the terminal bronchioles | The ends of which contain the alveoli where gaseous exchange takes place |
| Flow of air to the lungs: TERMINAL BONCHIOLES | Air flows out of the terminal bronchioles into the alveoli |
| Name the 3 layers of the blood vessels, AND give a brief description of what each layer is composed of | Tunica media • Made of smooth muscle and elastic fibres Tunica intima/interna • Made of single layer endothelial cells Tunica Externa/Adventitia • Made of connective tissue |
| Flow of air to the lungs: Alveoli | O2 leaves the alveoli and enters the capillaries. Carbon dioxide leaves the capillaries and enters the alveoli to be exhaled. |
| 4Give a brief description of the structure of capillaries • | Microscopic One cell thick vessels Connect arterioles and venules |
| Which tissue does the Autonomic nervous division stimulate? | Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands |
| Required by Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways to function | Calcium |
| GYN | Gynaecology |
| Define the term “antecubital fossa” | • Shallow depression on the anterior aspect of the elbow • where the main veins for phlebotomy are found |
| Name the structures of the neuron | • Cell body • Dendrites • Axon |
| FDP | Fibrin degradation products |
| Breaks Fibrin into degradation products | Plasmin |
| Name the three bones that connect to form the elbow joint | • Ulna • Humerus • Radius |
| Which tissue does the Somatic nervous division stimulate? | Skeletal muscle |
| Identify protective structures for the brain and spinal cord | • Skull/cranium • Meninges • Vertebral column |
| ACTH | Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| RA | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Activates the Coagulation Cascade | Thrombin |
| CHF | Congestive heart failure |
| Clinical correlation: Myoglobin | Crush injuries with major soft tissue damage |
| Name the plexus from which the nerves in the arm originate | • Brachial plexus |
| Which one of the white blood cells increase in allergic reactions and parasitic infections? | Eosinophils |
| An immature red blood cell is called: | Reticulocyte |
| Clinical correlation: Amylase | Pancreatic function |
| Which valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle? | Aortic semilunar valve |
| Clinical correlation: Dilantin( phenytoin) levels | Seizure disorder/ epilepsy |
| The endocardium is continuous with | The epithelial lining of the blood vessels |
| Clinical correlation: Helicobacter Pylori | Gastric ulcer |
| The process by which WBC’s are able to slip through the walls of the capillaries to enter the tissues is called: | Diapedesis |
| The epicardium is continuous with | The pericardium |
| A heart disorder characterized by fluid build-up in the lungs is called: | congestive heart failure |
| List the secretions of the pancreas | • Insulin • Glucagon |
| The thyroid condition characterised by weight loss, nervousness and protruding eye balls due to an increased metabolic rate is termed | Graves’ disease/ hyperthyroidism |
| Clinical correlation: Glycosylated haemoglobin (HBA1C) | Monitoring patients with diabetes mellitus |
| Identify what forces fluid out of the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule during the formation of urine | Blood pressure |
| Explain how blood creatinine is a measure of kidney function | • Creatinine is a waste product removed by the kidneys. • If kidney function declines, this waste product creatinine accumulates in the blood |
| Clinical correlation: CK-MB | Recent MI |
| Clinical correlation: Scrapings for KOH preparation | Skin for fungal analysis |
| Explain the term acidosis | • Is when C02 levels in the blood increases • And blood Ph levels decrease |
| Identify the structure that attaches the atrioventricular valves to the walls of the ventricles | Chordae tendineae |
| Describe the tricuspid valve | • Located between the right atrium and right ventricle • has 3 cusps/flaps • Closes when the right ventricle contracts to prevent back flow of blood into the right atrium |
| Name the vitamin responsible for the synthesis of numerous coagulation factors | • Vit K |
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