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Ch 14 Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Programmed death of cell that does not cause inflammation | Apoptosis |
| Series of proteins in blood and tissue fluids that can be activated to help destroy and remove invading microbes. | Complement system |
| Proteins that function as chemical messengers, allowing cells to communicate. | Cytokines |
| Coordinated innate response with the purpose of containing a site of damage, localizing the response, eliminating the invader and restoring tissue function. | Inflammatory response |
| Host defenses involving anatomical barriers, sensor systems that recognize patterns associated with microbes or tissue damage, phagocytic cells, and the inflammatory response. | Innate immunity |
| type of phagocytic cell that resides in tissues and has multiple roles, including scavenging debris and producing pro-inflammatory cytokines. | Macrophage |
| Complement system components assembled to form pores in membranes of invading cells. | Membrane Attack Complex |
| Major type of phagocytic cell in blood; neutrophils quickly move to infected tissues, where they destroy invading microbes. | Neutrophil |
| Coating of an object with molecules for which phagocytes have receptors, making it easier for phagocytosis to occur. | Opsonization |
| Proteins on or in cells that recognize specific compounds unique to microbes or tissue damage, allowing the cells to sense the presence of invading microbes or damage. | Recognition Receptors |
| Cell type that specializes in engulfing and digesting microbes and cell debris. | Phagocyte |
| The process by which a phagocyte engulfs microbial invaders and debris. | Phagocytosis |
| Protection provided by immune responses that improve due to exposure to antigens; involves B cells and T cells. | Adaptive Immunity |
| Molecule that reacts specifically with either an antibody or an antigen receptor on a lymphocyte. Also substance that causes immune system response. | Antigen |
| Y-shaped protein that binds antigen. | Antibody |
| is the routine protection present at birth; it is germline encoded, meaning that it is passed from one generation to the next. The innate immune system has three general components—first-line defenses, sensor systems, and innate effector actions. | Innate immunity |
| walls that prevent microbes and other foreign material from entering the body's tissues. These defenses include the skin and mucous membranes—the physical barriers along with antimicrobial substances that bathe them | First line defense (fence) |
| allows the immune system to recognize when the first-line defenses have been breached. Certain host cells serve as sentinels (lookouts or guards), positioned at strategic sites in the body to detect invading microbes in blood or tissue fluids. | Sensor systems (security cameras) |
| Sentinel cells recognize microbes by detecting their unique components, using a special group of receptors called __ which are proteins that recognize compounds unique to microbes/tissue damage, allowing cells to sense the presence of invading microbes | Recognition Receptors (PRRs) |
| Series of proteins in blood and tissue fluids that can be activated to help destroy and remove invading microbes. _ system proteins circulate in an inactive form, but they become activated in response to certain stimuli | Complement system |
| actions of innate immunity are the “security teams” that eliminate the invader.Because the sensors of innate immunity recognize patterns associated with certain groups of microbes, the _ actions can be tailored to defend against those groups. | Effector |
| when a host cell recognizes that it is infected , that cell produces an _, a type of protein that warns nearby cells about the virus. The cells react by preparing to shut down their biosynthetic , thereby depriving the virus of a mechanism to replicate. | Interferon (IFN) |
| In response to sensor signals that indicate a bacterial infection or tissue damage, a group of cells called _ are recruited to the site of invasion or damage. These cells specialize in digesting microbes /cell debris, a process called phagocytosis. | Phagocytes |
| are constantly bathed with mucus or other secretions that help wash microbes from the surface. Most ___ have mechanisms that move microbes toward areas where they can be eliminated | Mucous membranes |
| Accumlates from perspiration | Salt |
| Degrades peptidoglycan | Lysozyme |
| Break down hydrogen peroxide | Peroxidase enzymes |
| binds iron. By binding to iron these proteins make it unavible to organisms which prevent microbial growth | Lactoferrin |
| are known to be very important in protecting epithelial borders. __are positively charged AMPs that insert into microbial membranes, forming pores that damage cells. | Defensins |
| The formation and development of blood cells is called __ (Greek for “blood” and “to make”). | Hematopoiesis |
| . All blood cells, including those important in the body's defenses, originate from the same cell type, ___, found in the bone marrow | the hematopoietic stem cell |
| Red blood cells, or __, carry O2 in the blood. | erythrocytes |
| Platelets, which are actually fragments arising from large cells called __, are important for blood clotting. | megakaryocytes |
| White blood cells, or __ are important in all host defenses. | leukocytes, |
| __ contain cytoplasmic granules filled with biologically active chemicals. The three types of __— neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils | Granulocytes (type of leukocyte) |
| efficiently engulf and destroy bacteria and other material | Neutrophils (type of granulocyte which is a type of leukocyte) |
| are involved in allergic reactions and inflammation. Mast cells are similar in appearance and function to basophils but are found in tissues rather than blood. | Basophils (type of granulocyte which is type of leukocyte) |
| Are important in ridding the body of parasitic worms and also involved in allergic reaction | Eosionphils (type of granulocyte which is type of leukocyte) |
| are sentinel cells that function as “scouts.” They engulf material in the tissues and then bring it to the cells of the adaptive immune system for “inspection.” | Dendritic cells (type of leukocyte) |
| are responsible for adaptive immunity. cells of the two major groups of __, B cells and T cells, are remarkably specific in their recognition of antigen. NK cells lack specificity | Lymphocytes (type of leukocyte) |
| PRRs detect components of certain groups of microbes—for example, cell wall-associated compounds (peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, lipolysaccharide, and lipoproteins), flagellin subunits, and microbial nucleic acid. These compounds are called | PAMPs |
| Inflammatory response ___ induce changes that contribute to local vascular permeability and attract phagocytes. | C3a and C5a |
| Phagocytic cells are recruited to the site of infection or tissue damage by chemicals that act as chemoattractants. | Chemotaxis (first step in phagocytosis) |
| Opsonins are extracellular proteins that tag particles for phagocytosis. Phagocytes have specific receptors for opsonins, so opsonized material is easier for the phagocyte to attach to and engulf. | Recognition and attachment (second step in phagocytosis) |
| Once the phagocyte has attached to a particle, it sends out pseudopods that surround and engulf the material. This action brings the material into the cell, enclosed in a phagosome. | Engulfment (third step in phagocytosis) |
| Endosomes fuse, lower pH; lysozomes bring enzymes | Phagosome maturation and phagolysosome formation (fourth step in phagocytosis) |
| O2 consumption increases dramatically—a phenomenon called respiratory burst—allowing an enzyme to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are toxic. Another enzyme makes nitric oxide, which reacts with ROS to produce additional toxic compounds. | Destruction and Digestion (fifth step in phagocytosis) |
| the phagolysosome fuses with the phagocyte's cytoplasmic membrane, expelling the undigested debris. | Exocytosis (sixth step in phagocytosis) |
| The purpose of this is to contain a site of damage, localize the response, eliminate the invader, and restore tissue function. | Purpose of inflammation |
| involves a sequence of events that result in dilation of small blood vessels, leakage of fluids from those vessels, and the migration of leukocytes out of the bloodstream and into the tissues | The inflammatory process |
| short-term inflammatory response is called acute inflammation and is marked by a prevalence of neutrophils. Neutrophils stop entering the area and macrophages clean up the damage by ingesting dead cells and debris. | Acute inflammation |
| If the body's defenses cannot limit the infection, __ occurs. This is a long-term inflammatory process that can last for years. In __, macrophages and giant cells accumulate, and granulomas form. | Chronic inflammation |
| The triggers of inflammation cause host cells to release inflammatory mediators, a collective term for various pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemicals such as histamine. | Triggered by TLR toll like receptors |
| macrophages release pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial products. The cytokines act as messages carried in the bloodstream to the brain, where the temperature-regulating center raises the body temperature in response. | Fever part 1 |
| The rise in temperature prevents microbes with lower optimum temperatures from growing, giving the immune system time to eliminate the bacteria before they cause too much harm. | Fever part 2 |
| A moderate fever has also been shown to enhance several protective processes, including the inflammatory response, phagocytic killing by leukocytes, multiplication of lymphocytes, release of substances that attract neutrophils. | Fever pt 3 |
| Fever-inducing cytokines and other substances are __ (pyro means “fire” or “heat” and gen means “to generate”). Pyrogenic cytokines are endogenous pyrogens, meaning the body makes them | Pyrogens |
Created by:
cshelly