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Chapter 13 and 15
Senses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This provides links from the outside world to our body | Peripheral nervous system |
| These respond to mechanical force such as touch, pressure, vibration and stretch | mechanreceptors |
| these are sensitive to temperature changes | thermoreceptors |
| these respond to light, such as in the retina | photoreceptors |
| these respond to chemicals in solutions (molecules smelled, tasted, changes in blood or interstitial fluid chemistry) | chemoreceptors |
| these respond to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain (extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, etc) | Nociceptors |
| three Receptors classes are classified according to their | Location or the location of the activating stimulus |
| These receptors are sensitive to stimuli arising from outside the body and are located where | exteroceptors--located near the body surface--includes touch, pressure , pain and temperature |
| These receptors respond to stimuli that happen within the body | interoceptors (aka visceroceptors)...they monitor chemical changes, tissue stretch, temperature, some pain, hunger and thirst |
| These receptors respond to stimuli inside the body but their location is more restricted | Proprioceptors...occur in muscles tendons, joints, and ligaments and other connective tissues.they advise the brain of our movements |
| receptors are also classified by structure..what are the 2 types | Simple and complex |
| Most are what type | simple |
| Simple receptors are modified... | dendritic endings of sensory neurons |
| Complex receptors are actually | sense organs and are associated with SPECIAL SENSES (vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell and taste) |
| simple receptors are associated with general senses such as | tactile sensation ( a mix of touch, pressure, stretch, vibration), temperature and pain |
| Anatomically, receptors are condsidered either ______ nerve endings or ______ nerve endings | unencapsulated or encapsulated |
| Unencapsulated are also called | Free or naked nerve endings and present everywhere but many in epithelia and connective tissue |
| unecapsulated mostly respond to | temperature and pain but a little of pressure too |
| heat or cold outside the range of thermoreceptors also stimulate | nociceptors (pain) |
| certain free nerve endings associate with enlarged, disc shaped epidermal cells to form | Tactile (Merkel) cells |
| Where do these disks reside | in the deep layers of the epidermis (outer skin) and form light touch receptors |
| These are free nerve endings that wrap basketlike around hair follicles and are light touch receptors that detect bending hair | Hair follicle receptors |
| These consist of one or more fiber terminals of sensory neurons enclosed in a connective tissue capsule | encapsulated dendritic ending |
| encapsulated receptors known as ___________ ___________ are small receptors in which a few spiraling sensory terminals are surrounded by Schwann cells and then by a thin egg shaped connective tissue capsule | Meissner's corpuscle |
| Meisner's corpuscles are found beneath the epidemis and are numerous and in sensitive and hairless areas such as nipples, fingertips, soles of the feet. they are also called | tactile corpuscles |
| These are scattered deep in the dermis and in subcutaneous (under the skin) tissues | Pacinian corpuscles (aka lamellated corpuscles |
| these are deep in the dermis and look like golgi tendon organs | Ruffini Endings |
| These are fusiform (spindle shaped) proprioceptors found throughout the perimysium of a skeletal muscle | Muscle spindles |
| these are proprioceptors located in tendons | golgi tendon organs |
| these are proprioceptors that monitor stretch in synovial joints | Joint kinesthetic receptors |
| this part of the sensory system that serves the body wall andlimbs and gets input from exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors | somatosensory system (STOP HERE) |
| Stimulus energy must be converted into energy of a graded potential called | receptor potential |
| a change in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus ( walk into a bright room and your eyes get used to its | adaptation |
| These are fast adapting receptors that report changes in internal or external environment | Phasic receptors |
| these provide a sustained (constant or long lasting) response with little or no adaptation | Tonic receptors |
| this is the ability to detect that a stimuls has occurred | perceptual detection |
| this is the ability to detect how intense a stimulus is | Magnitude estimation |
| this is the ability to detect the site or pattern of stimulation | spatial discrimination |
| the mechanism by which a neuron or circuit is tuned to one feature in preference to another | feature abstraction--velvet is warm, compressible and smooth |
| the ability to detect submodalities of a sense ( for example taste can be sweet or bitter) | quality discrimination |
| ability to take in the scene around us and recognize a familar pattern | Patten recognition |
| This is where pain is amplified | hyperalgesia |
| this is where you feel pain in an arm or leg for example that is no longer there | phantom limb pain |
| Sensory receptors respond to changes in the environment called | Stimuli |
| This is the awareness of a stimulus | sensation |
| this is the interpretation of the meaning of the stimulus | perception |
| how are sensory receptors classified | by the stimulus they detect, their body location, and their structural complexity |
| what are the general receptors | vibrations, heat, pain, pressure, stretch, temperature |
| how does the info get to the brain | from receptor level (sensory receptors) to Circuit Level ( ascending pathways) to Perceptual level ( neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex) |
| what are special senses | smell, taste, sight, hearing, and equilibrium |
| these are short coarse hairs that overlie the supraorbital margins of the skull and protect eye from sun, sweat. | eyebrows |
| These protect the eyes and clean the eyes | eyelids |
| these are hair follicles that are richly innervated and triggers a reflex | eyelashes |
| this is a transparent mucous membrane that lines the eyelids | conjuntiva |
| this releases tears (saline solution) | lacrimal gland |
| (STOP HERE) | |
| what do we call the 6 straplike muscles that control eye movement | extrinsic eye muscles |
| the point on the retina at which the optic nerve leaves and through which blood vessels pass is called the optic disc or | blind spot |
| what is the major function of the eye | focus light rays from the environment on the cones and rod |
| The eye has to ___________ light so it will focus on the retina | refract (bend) |
| This is the only structure that can change shape to move the visual focus on the retina | the LENS--called accomodation |
| What part of the eye allow refraction to occur | Cornea, lens and the humors (fluids) |
| why is refraction necessary | because air solids and fluids have different densities |
| lens density (because it can move and change shape) results in | light speeding up or slowing down |
| Convex surfaces do what to light | converge (bring them together) |
| Concave (think of a cave) do what to light | diverge (move them apart) |
| what is the pathway of light through the eye | cornea----aqueous humor---pupil---lens---vitreous humor--retina--choroid |
| what is the pathway of light through the retina | cones---rods---bipolar cells-- ganglion cells--optic nerve--brain |
| what is phototransduction | conversion (changing) of light info into nerve impulse |
| this requires photopigments which are | 3 in cones and 1 in rods |
| rods help us see | black and white and in small amounts of light, outlines not sharp images--useful at night |
| cones help us see | red, blue and green, allows us to see sharp images |
| how is the image received on the retina | upside down but brain changes it to upside right |
| how do we get depth perception | from using both eyes |
| when the stimulus is no longer there but you still see it, such as a bright light or a flash | after image |
| what kind of reflex do you have to light | photo reflex, pupil constricts when light is shined into it |
| Signals produced from light go through what cells | from photoreceptor to bipolar cells then to ganglion cells where action potential is generated, they make a right hand turn at the retina then out the optic nerve |
| this is where the optic nerve leaves the eye | optic disk or blind spot |
| pressure in the eye increases and compresses the retina and optic nerve because the fluid cannot leave the eye | Glaucoma |
| this is the clouding of the lens and things appear distorted | cataract |
| this is nearsightedness where you can see things better that are near | myopia |
| when you can see things better that are far away (farsightedness) | hyperopia |
| unequal curvature in different parts of the eye | astigmatism |
| (STOP HERE) | |
| what receptors do you use for taste and smell | chemoreceptors |
| taste receptors are called | taste buds |
| Where are they located | in the tongue epithelium |
| what are the 4 types of taste | sweet,salty, sour and bitter |
| sense of smell depends on what kind of cells | olfactory cells |
| where are these cells located | high in the roof of the nasal cavity, that is why you take a deep breath in |
| most of sensory cells have | hair like structures |
| This refers to sensation of body position | static equilibrium |
| what are 6 terms associated with hearing | Pinna--collects sound waves; oval window-hole that carries sounds;round window-distributes excess waves; typanic membrane-eardrum; Eustachian tube-connects ear to throat; Cochlea-looks like a snail; |
| 4 structures associated with equilibrium | Otolith-crystals that cause hair cells to move and senses motion; gelatinous mass-jelly like mass that hair cells are in; hair cells-sense motion; vestibule-egg shaped cavity; semicircular canal |
| this means the sensation of rapid movements | dynamic equilibirum |
| the Ampulla contains what | Cristae which have hair cells and senses dynamic equilibrium. |
| How do creatures adapt | by using their senses to detect threats and their environment |
| creatures can detect chemicals that cause them to | adapt and become bigger when predatory animals are in the area |
Created by:
Wrksmarter