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chapter 1 a&p I
human body
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| science of body structures and the relationships among them | anatomy |
| careful cutting apart of body structures, study their reltionships | dissection |
| science of body functions, how the body works | physiology |
| the level where the smalles units of matter that particpate in chemical reactions is | atoms, in the chemical level |
| two or more atoms joined together | molecules |
| this level contains a combo of molecules that make up a basic strutural and funtional units of organisms | cellular level |
| groups of cells & materials surrounding them that work together to perform a function | tissue level |
| composed of two or more different types of tissues with specific functions | organ level |
| a layer of epithelial tissue and ct that reduces friction, rubs against other organs | serous membrane |
| consists of related organs with a common function | system level |
| organ part of more than one system | organ system level |
| organism, any living individual, all parts of the human body functions together constitute organism | organism level |
| assecess certain asects of body structure and function | noninvasive diagnostic techniques |
| observe the body for any changes that deviate from normal | inspection |
| listening to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs | auscultation |
| examiner feels body surfaces with hands | palpation |
| tapping on the body surface with the finger tips and listening the resulting echo | percussion |
| summ of chemical processes that occur in the human body | metabolism |
| the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components | catabolism |
| the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components | anabolism |
| body's ability to detect and respond changes | responsiveness |
| motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells | movement |
| increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in number of cells, or both | growth |
| development of a cell from unspecialized to a specialized state | differentiation |
| either the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a new individual | reproduction |
| postmortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death | autopsy |
| condition of balance in the body's internal evironment due to constant interation of the body's many regulatory processes | homeostasis |
| What two main systems provide homeostasis in the body? | endocrine and nervous system |
| watery solution containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them | body fluids |
| proper functioning of body cells depends on the composition of | interstitial fluid surrounding them |
| fluids within the cells | intracellular fluids |
| fluids outside body cells | extracellular fluids |
| ECF fills the narrow space between cells of tissue | interstitial fluid |
| nerves and hormones work through | feedback systems |
| cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated | feedback systems |
| the body stucture that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to control center, a form of nerve impulse or chemical signals | receptor |
| usually brain, sets range values within which controlled condition should be maintained, evaluated input received from receptors, and generates output commands when needed | control center |
| body structure that receives output from the cotnrol center and produces a response that changes controlled condition | effector |
| reverses a change in a controlled condition; returns the condition within homeostatic limits | negative feedback systems |
| give example of a negative feedback system | disruption of increase blood pressure |
| strenthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition, usually not precise, requires outside event to turn it off, produces a physiological response that adds to or reinforces the initial change | positive feedback system |
| give an example of a postive feedback system | child birth |
| any abnormality of stucture or function | disorder |
| more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs or symptoms | disease |
| affects either entire body or several parts of it | systemic |
| affects one part or limited region of body | local |
| subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer | symptoms |
| objective changes that a clinician can measure and observe | signs |
| science that deals with why, when, and where disease occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community | epidemiology |
| the science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease | pharmacology |
| subject stands errect facing observer with head level and eyes facing forward, feet flat on floor, upper limbs at sides with palms forward | anatomical position |
| body lying face down | prone |
| body lying face up | supine |
| a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides | sagittal plane |
| passes through the midline of the body or an organ divides it into equal right and left sides | midsagittal plane |
| does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides | parasagittal plane |
| diveds the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions | transverse plane |
| passes through the body or an organ at an angle between a transverse plane and a sagittal plane or between transverse plane and a frontal plane | oblique plane |
| spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs | body cavities |
| formed by craninal bones and contain brain | cranial cavities |
| formed by vertebral column and contains spincal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves | vertebral cavity |
| fromed by ribs, muscle of chest, sternum, and thorasic portion of vertebral column | thoracic cavity |
| fluid filled space that surrounds the heart | pericardial cavity |
| fluid filled space serous membrane of each lung | pleural cavity |
| anatomic region in the central poriton of the thoracic cavity, extends from sternum to vertebral column and 1st rib to diaphragm, contains all thoracic organs except the lungs | mediastinum |
| dome shaped muscle that seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominalpelvic cavity | diaphragm |
| extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal walls and bones and muscles of the pelvis | abdominalpelvic cavity |
| the upper portion of this cavity contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine | superior portion of abdominalpelvic cavity |
| the lower portion of this cavity contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system | inferior portion of abdominalpelvic cavity |
| lines the walls of the cavities | parietal layer |
| covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities | visceral layer |
Created by:
jessesandoval153