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Psych 233
Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the field of study that examines patterns or growth and change and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan | lifespan development |
| biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment | normative history graded influences |
| bio and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group regardless of when or where they were raised | normative age graded influences |
| include the impact of social culteral present at a particular time for a particular individual depending on such variables as ethnicity social class | normative sociocultural graded influences |
| involves a gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels | continuous change |
| development that occurs in distinct steps or changes with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitively different from the behavior at earlier stages | discontinuous change |
| a specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consiquences | critical period |
| a part of time when people are particularly succeptable to to certain kinds of stemuli in their environments | sensitive period |
| _____ refers to traits abilities and capacities that are inherated from ones parents | traits |
| any factor that is produced by the predetermined unfolding of genetic information | maturation |
| _____ refers to the environmental influences that shape behavior | nurture |
| ________'s __________ theory suggests that unconceious forves act to determine personality and behavior | Freud's, Psychoanalytic |
| a part of the personality about which a person is unaware and is responsible for much of our everyday behavior | the unconscious |
| what were 3 aspects of one's personality | ID,EGO, SuperEGO |
| unorganized inborn part of personality present at birth that represents instincts related to sex and aggression | ID |
| part of personality that is rational and adaptive | EGO |
| aspect of personality that represents a persons moral sense | SUPEREGO |
| 5 Stages of psych development | 1 Oral birth to 12 months 2 Anal 12-18 months 3 Phallic 3-6 years 4 Latency 5-6 years adolescense 5 Genital attolecense UP |
| the devolopmental changes occurs throughout the lifespan in eight qualitative distinct stages | Eriksons Psychosocial theory |
| a form of learning by consiquences in which a voluntary response in strengthened or weekend depending on its association with the positive or negative consiquences | Skinners Operant Conditioning |
| involves learning by observing and imitation of the behavior of another person | Banduras social cognitive learning theory |
| 4 steps of social cognitive learning theory | 1 observer pays attention to behavior 2 observer must succesfuly recall the behavior 3 behavior must be reproduced accurately 4 observer must be motivated to learn and carry out behavior |
| focuses on the processes that allow people to know understand and think about the world | cognitive perspective |
| the process in which people understand and experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking | assimilation |
| the process that changes existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events | accomidation |
| a perspective suggesting that different levels of environment simostanely influence individuals | bronfenbrenners bioecological approach |
| everyday, immediate environment, home, caregivers | microsystem |
| connects microsystems, friends to friends, parents to childs friends, teacher student | mesosystem |
| local gov't, community, schools | exosystem |
| religion, government,society in general | macrosystem |
| involves the way the passage of time including historical events, affects childrens development | chronosystem |
| seeks to define weather an association between to factors exists | correlational research |
| in debth interviews with individuals | case study |
| where people are chosen to represent the public and are asked quesitons or maybe given a survey | survey research |
| group recieving treatmennt | experimental group |
| either recieves no treatment or other treatment | control group |
| the variable that researchers manipulate in an experiment | indipendent variable |
| the variable researchers expect to change in an experiment as result of manipulation | dependent variable |
| behavior measured as an individual ages | logitudenal research |
| people of dif ages are compared at same point in time | cross-sectional research |
| researchers examine a number of dif individuals at dif parts in time | cross-sequential research |
| states that growth starts at head and upper body then moves on to rest of body | cephalocaudal principle |
| states that development of body preceeds from center and moves outward | proximodistal principle |
| states simple skills develop seperately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills | principle of hierarchical integration |
| different body systems grow at dif rates | principle of independence of systems |
| nerve cells of the nervous system | neurons |
| neurotransmitters that travel across small gaps between neurons | synapsis |
| as the infants experience with the world increases neurons that do not connect die off | synaptic pruning |
| a fatty substence that helps insulate neurons and speeds transition of nerve impulses | myelin |
| the degree with a developing structure is susceptible to experience and is relatively great for the brain | plasticity |
| unlearned involuntary responses that occur auto in the presense of certain stimuli | reflexes |
| skills for crawling and walking along tables | gross motor skills |
| skills for grabbing and sipping on drinks | fine motor skills |
| stimulation of sense organisms | sensation |
| sorting out, interpretation, analysis of stimuli involving the brain | perception |
| ability to combine both eyes to see depth and motion achieved at 14 weeks | binocular vision |
| ____'s " ______ cliff" show that infants bw 14 months and 6mths would not crawl over the cliff | Gibsons visual |
| _____ believed that all people passa fixed sequence of qualitative dif stages of cognitive development | Jean Piaget |
| Piaget suggested that human thinking is arranged into 2 schemes ____ ____, or ____ ___ | simple mental or action patterns |
| all children pass through 4 stages in this order | sensorimonotor preoperational concrete operations formal operations |
| the ____ stage of cognitive development is birth until 2 can be broken down into 6 stages | sensorimotor |
| 6 stages of sensorimotor cognitive development: | 1 simple eflexes 2 habits 3 secondary circular reactions(variation of actions) 4 beginning of thought 5 coordination on secondary circular reactions 6 tertiary circular reactions |
| process when information is initially recorded in usible to memory | encoding |
| maintenense of material saved in memory | storage |
| process by which material in storage is located brought to awareness and used | retrieval |
| the lack of memory for experiences that occurred prior to 3 years of age | infantile amnesia |
| non consciously aware memories | implicit memory |
| conscious and recalled memory | explicit memory |
| the systematic meaningful arraingment of symbols that provides the basis for communication | language |
| refers to the basic sounds of language | phonology |
| smallest language unit that has meaning | morphemes |
| rules that govern the meaning of words | semantics |
| linguistic _____ the understanding of speech | comprehension |
| linguistic ____ is the use of language to communicate | production |
| when infants make speech like yet meaningless sounds at about 2 to 3 months | babbling |
| one word utterances theat depend on a particular context in which they are used to determine meaning | holophrases |
| when words are not critical to the sentence are left out | telegraphic speech |
| using words to restrictly | under extension |
| using words too broadly | over extension |
| when language is used to label objects | referential style |
| when language is used to do feelings | expressive |
| ________ ______ approach suggest that language acquisition follows the the basic laws of reinforcment and conditioning | learning theory |
| ____approach proposes that a genetically determined innate mechanism directs language development | nativist |
| a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit the understanding of language | language-acquisition device (LAD) |
| ____ _____ suggests that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental events | interactionist perspective |
| a type of speech directed towards infants, characterized by short simple sentences | Infant directed speech |
| what was Infant-directed speech called previously (hint:easy talking light voice, during first year of being born) | motherese (mother**ease***) like easy talking |
Created by:
msu-tbroussard8