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Psyc 100 ch.10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Motivation | A need or desire that energies and directs behavior |
| Instinct | A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned |
| Drive-reduction theory | The idea that a psychological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need |
| Homeostasis | A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. |
| Incentive | A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior |
| Yerkes-Dodson law | The principal that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond with performance decreases |
| Hierarchy of needs | Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active |
| Affiliation need | The need to build relationships and to feel part of a group |
| Ostracism | Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups |
| Narcissism | Excessive self-love and self-absorption |
| Achievement motivation | A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for control; and for attaining a high standard |
| Grit | In psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals |
| Glucose | The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. |
| Set point | The point at which your "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When body falls below this weight, increased hunger and lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore the lost weight. |
| Basal metabolic rate | The body's resting rate of energy expenditure |
| Emotion | A response of the whole organism, involving (1) psychological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience |
| James- Lange theory | Thr theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our psychological response to an emotion-arousing stimulus. |
| Cannon-Brad theory | The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion. |
| Two-factor theory | The Schacbter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal |
| Facial feedback effect | The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness |
| Behavior feedback effect | The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions |
| Instinc theory | (Now replaced by the evolutionary perspective) focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors |
| Drive-reduction theory | Focuses on how we respond to our inner pushes |
| Arousal theory | Focuses on finding the right level of stimulation |
| Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs | Focuses on the priority of some needs over others |
| Drives | Psychological needs (such as for food or water), create an aroused, motivated statet, a drive (such as hunger or thirst), that pushes us to reduce the need. |
| Sensation-seekers | Risk takers motivated by a drive to master their emotions and actions |
| Abraham Maslow | Described hierarchy of needs |
| Actualization | To relize our full potential |
| Self-transcendance | We strive for meaning, purpose, and communication in a way hat is transpersonal, beyond the self |
| Psychological needs | Need to satisfy hunger and thirst |
| Safety needs | Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable |
| Belongingness and love needs | Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and seperation |
| Esteem needs | Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independance; need for recognition and respect from others |
| Self-actualization needs | Need to live up to our fullest and unique potential |
| Self-transcendance needs | Need to fjnd meaning and identity beyound the self |
| Instinct theory/evolutionary psychology | There is a genetic basis for unlearned, species-typical behavior (such as birds building nests or infants rootjng for a nipple) |
| Drive-reduction theory | Psychological needs (such as hunger and thirst) create an aroused state that drives us to reduce the need (for example, by eating or drinking) |
| Arousal theory | Our need to maintain an optimal level of arousal motivates behavior that meet no psychological need (such as our yearning for stimulation and our hunger for information) |
| Maslow's hiererachy of needs | We prioritize survival-vased beeds and then docial needs more than the needs for esteem and meaning |
| Wrecched | To be without kin nearby |
| Autonomy | A sense of personal control |
| Competence | We experience a deep sense of well being, and our self-esteem rides higher |
| Self-esteem | Is a gauge of how valued and accepted we feel |
| Chain migration | |
| Kipling William | Social psychologist studied exclusion on social media |
| Anterior cingulate cortex | Activates in response to physically pain |
| Acetaminophen (Tylenol) | Lessens social as well as physical pain |
| Ubuntu | South African word for himan bonds (umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu - a person is a person through other persons) |
| Self-disclosure | Is sharing ourselves, our joys, worries, and weaknesses, with others. Confiding can be healthy way of coping with day-to-day challenges |
| Henry Murray | Defined achivement motivation as a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastering skills and ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard. |
| Dickworth & Seligman | Stated that disipline outdoes talent. They called it grit a name for passionate dedication to an ambitious, long term goal |
| Hardiness | Resilience under stress |
| Ancel Keys | Studied semistarvation among wartime conscientious objectors |
| Arcuate nucleus | Neural arc, has a center that secretes appetite-stimulating hormones |
| Ghrelin | a hunger arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain |
| Insulin | Hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose |
| Settling point | To indicate the level at which a person's weight settles in response to calorie intake and energy use. |
| Leptin | Protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger |
| Orexin | Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus |
| PYY | Digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain |
| Serotonin | Has calming effects |
| Neophobia | Dislike of unfamiliar things |
| Ecology of eating | Situations that controls our eating like friends and food or potion sizes |
| Stanley Schachter & Jerome Singer | Demonstrated that how we appraise our experiences matter greatly. Our physical reactions and out thoughts (perceptions, memories, snd interpretations) together creatr emotion |
| Spill over effect | |
| Arousal fuels emotion; cognition channels it. | Factors that lead to our experience of an emotion |
| Robert Zajonc | Contented that we actually have many emotional reactions apart from, or even before, our conscious interpretation of a situation. |
| Richard Lazurus | Conceded that our brain processes a vast amount of information without our consciou awareness, and that some emotional responses do not require conscious thinking. |
| Caroll Izard | Analyzed the facial expressions of infants (disgust, joy, sadness, fear, anger...) |
| Sympathetic division of our automatic nervous system (ANS) | Mobilizes your body for the fight or flight |
| Parasympathetic division (ANS) | Gradually calms your body, as stress hormones dlowly leave your bloodstream |
| Insula | A neural center deep inside the brain. It is activated hen we experience various negative social emotions, such as disgust |
| Egocentric | Failing to perceive how others interpret our "just kidding" message |
| Judith Hall | Concluded that women are generally do surpass men ar reading people's emotional cues when given thin slices of behavior |
| Empathy | Uou identify with others and imagine what it would feel like to walk in their shoes |
| William James | Came to believe that we can control emotions by going "through the outward movements" of any emotion we want to experience. |
Created by:
arodriguez42