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Chapter 9
Radiation Proctection
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cancer and genetic defects are examples of what? | Stochastic effects |
| What are examples of late biological damage? | Cataracts, leukemia, and genetic mutations. |
| What provides the foundation for the sigmoid or S-shaped nonlinear threshold curve of radiation dose response? | Data from human populations observed after acute high doses of radiation |
| The linear nonthreshold curve implies that biological damage is ____________ proportional to the dose. | Directly |
| Reevaluation of the quantity and type of radiation that was released in the atomic bombing of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki has led to revised atomic bomb data in which radiation induced leukemia and tumors may be attributed to what? | Gamma radiation |
| In the 10 years after the Chernobyl nuclear incident, what was the most pronounced health effect? | Dramatic increase in thyroid cancer in children living in the regions where the heaviest radioactive contamination occurred |
| According to the data from studies performed by the US radiological technologists, individuals who began working before 1950 had a somewhat higher risk of dying of ______________ when compared with technologists who started working in 1950 and later. | Leukemia |
| Most diagnostic procedures result in what equ dose? | Less than 0.01 Sv |
| Group of people who provide strong evidence that ionizing radiation can induce breast cancer | Female Japanese atomic bomb survivors |
| Another term for stochastic effects | Probabilistic effects |
| Decreases as gestation progresses | Fetal radiosensitivity |
| Gas that emanates through tiny gaps in the rocks and creates an insidious airborne hazard to uranium miners | Radon |
| Implies that the biological response to ionizing radiation is directly proportional to that dose | Linear non threshold response |
| Predicts that the number of excess cancers will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases with advancing age in a population | Relative risk model |
| Examples of stochastic effects that probably do not have a threshold | Cancer and genetic effects |
| A 3 year old research project that began in 1996 in the Republic of Belarus in the after math of the accident in Chernobyl nuclear power plant | ETHOS project |
| Estimates the risk associated with low level radiation | Linear quadratic non threshold dose curves |
| Radioactive contrast agent used from 1925 to 1945 that caused liver and spleen cancer in many patients after a latent period of 15 to 20 years. | Thorotrast |
| Something that can not properly govern the cell's normal chemical reactions or properly control the sequence of amino acids in the formation of specific proteins | Mutant genes |
| As of April 1996, more than 700 cases of this disease were diagnosed among children and adolescents residing near the Chernobyl power plant | Thyroid Cancer |
| Genetic mutations at the molecular level | Point mutations |
| Abnormalities that most frequent occur from weeks 3 to 20 of gestation in humans | Skeletal |
| People who engage in research for a common goal to establish relationships between radiation and dose response | Radiobiologists |
| Predicts that a specific number of excess cancers will occur as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation | Absolute risk model |
| The radiation dose that causes the number of spontaneous mutations occurring in a given generation to increase to two times their original number | Doubling Dose |
| A dose response curve that exits as a straight line | Linear |
| Mutations probably expressed in the offspring | Dominant mutations |
| Mutations probably not expressed for several generations | Recessive mutations |
| A dose response curve that is curved to some degree | Nonlinear |
| Damage to an organism that occurs as a result to exposure to ionizing radiation during the embryonic stage of development | Embryologic effects (Birth effects or Defects) |
| Radioactive element with a half life of 4.5 billion years | Uranium |
| The production or origin of cancer | Carcinogenesis |
| Safe gonadal dose of ionizing radiation in humans | Zero |
| Epidemiological studies are of significant value to scientists who use the information from the studies to formulate dose response estimates to predict what? | Cancer in human populations exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation |
| What measures the effectiveness of ionizing radiation in causing mutations? | Doubling dose |
| Recent studies of atomic bomb survivors tend to support the _________ risk model over the ________ risk model. | Relative, absolute |
| The linear response model is used to establish radiation protection standards because it accurately reflects the effects of what? | High LET radiation at higher doses |
| The number of excess cancers, or cancers that would not have occurs in a given population in question without exposure to ionizing radiation, may be predicted by what? | Absolute risk model & Relative risk model |
| After the Chernobyl accident many children in Poland and some other countries were given potassium iodide in an attempt to prevent what? | Thyroid cancer |
| Most radiation induced genetic mutations are what? | Recessive mutations |
| Spontaneous mutations in human genetic material cause a wide variety of diseases which are? | 1. Down syndrome 2. Hemophilia 3. Sickle cell anemia |
| When exposure to ionizing radiation causes proliferation of the white blood cells, the radiation induced disease that occurs is what? | Leukemia |
| Radiation can induce genetic damage by what? | Altering the essential base coding sequence of DNA |
| What group of individuals received radiation treatment that indicated radiation can cause breast cancer when healthy breast tissue was exposed to radiation? | Patients treated for benign postpartum mastitis |
| For a recessive mutation to appear in an offspring what must happen? | Both parents must have the same genetic defect |
| Based on revised atomic bomb data from Hiroshima and Negasaki, radiation induced leukemia and solid tumors in the survivors may be attributed to what? | Gamma radiation exposure |
| After the Chernobyl accident approximately how many people were exposed to the fallout? | 400,000 |
| What is an example of a stochastic effect? | Cancer and genetic defects |
| During the embryonic stage of development..... | All life forms seen to be most vulnerable to radiation exposure |
| Young women who painted watch dials with radium in some factories in New Jersey in the 1920's and 1930's eventually developed which of the following conditions? | 1.Osteoporosis 2. Osteogenic Sarcoma 3. Carcinomas of the epithelial lining of the nasopharaynx and paranasal sinuses |
| Radium decays with a half life of 1622 years to what radioactive element? | Radon |
| Mutant genes can not properly govern the cell's normal chemical reactions or properly control the sequence of ______________ in the formation of specific proteins? | Amino acids |
| What are mutagens? | 1. Elevated temperatures 2. Ionizing radiation 3. Viruses |
| The only concrete evidence that ionizing radiation causes genetic effects comes from what? | Extensive experiments with fruit flies and mice at high radiation doses |
| What led to the developing of the double dose concept? | Animal studies of radiation induced genetic effects |
| Cataracts, leukemia, and genetic mutations are an example of what? | Measurable radiation induced biological damages |
| Which technologists have demonstrated the greatest risks of breast cancer as a consequence of their occupation? | Technologists who worked before 1940 |
Created by:
J_Proctor