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Sociology Quiz 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| social interaction | the ways in which people respond to one another |
| social structure | the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships |
| status | a term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society |
| achieved status | a social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts |
| ascribed status | a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics |
| role strain | the difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations |
| role exit | the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity |
| role conflict | the situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person |
| master status | a status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's gerenal position in society |
| primary group | a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation |
| secondary group | formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding |
| in-group | any group or category to which people feel they belong |
| out-group | a group or category to which people feel they do not belong |
| reference group | any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluation themselves and their own behavior |
| bureaucracy | a component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency |
| iron law of oligarchy | a principle or organizational life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals |
| classical theory of bureaucracy | an approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards |
| scientific management approach | another name for the classical theory of formal organizations |
| human relations approach | an approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization |
| traid | three member group |
| dyad | a two member group |
| goal displacement | overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy |
| trained incapacity | the tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems |
| alienation | a condition of estrangement or dissociation form the surrounding society |
| mcdonaldization | the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world |
| group | any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis |
| aggregate | people in the same place at the same time, such as passengers on a plane |
| category | people who share a common feature, but do not otherwise act together |
| dysfunctions | an element or process of a society that may disrupt the social system or reduce its stability |
| peter principle | a principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence |
| unifying role | when a married couple has their first child and the baby may serve to bind the group closer together |
| mediating role | if two roommates are perpetually sniping at each-other, and 3rd/new roommate will attempt to remain on good terms with both and to arrange compromise solutions to problems |
| divide-and-rule strategy | a coach who tries to gain greater control over two assistants by making them rivals |
Created by:
hassa