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Implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is directly portional to the dose
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A dose response curve that is curve to some degree
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Radiation protection
Ch. 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is directly portional to the dose | Linear nonthreshold dose-response curve |
| A dose response curve that is curve to some degree | Nonlinear |
| Radio active element with a half life of 4.5 billion years | Uranium |
| Example of stochastic effects that probably do not have a threshold | Cancer and genetic effects |
| Another term for stochastic effects | Probabilistic effects |
| Predicts that a specific number of excess cancers will occur as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation | Absolutely risk model |
| A three-year research project that began in 1996 in the Republic of Belarus in the aftermath of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant | ETHOS Project |
| As of April 1996, more than 700 cases of this disease were diagnosed among children and adolescents residing near the Chernobyl nuclear power plant | Thyroid cancer |
| Radio active contrast agent used from 1925 to 1945 that caused liver and spleen cancer in many patients after a latent period of 15 to 20 years | Thorotrast |
| Estimates the risk associated with low level radiation | Linear quadratic nonthreshold dose response curve |
| Gas that emanates through tiny gaps in the rocks and creates an insidious airborne hazard to uranium miners | Radon |
| Group of people who provide strong evidence that Ionizing radiation can induce breast cancer | Female Japanese atomic bomb survivors |
| Safe gonadal dose of ionizing radiation for humans | Zero |
| Predicts that the number of excess cancers will increase as the natural incident of cancer increases with advancing age in a population | Relative risk modeling |
| Genetic mutations at the molecular level | Point mutation |
| Mutations probably express in the offspring | Dominant mutation |
| The radiation does that causes the number of spontaneous mutations occurring in a given generation to increase to 2 times that original number | Doubling dose |
| The production or origin of cancer | Carcinogenesis |
| Decreases as gestation progresses | Fetal radiosensitivity |
| Mutations probably not express for several generations | Recessive mutations |
| Sometimes that cannot properly govern that sells normal chemical reactions or properly control the sequence of amino acid in the formation of a specific proteins | Mutant genes |
| People who engage in research that have a common goal to establish relationships between radiation and does response | Radiobiologists |
| Damage to an organism that occurs as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation during the embryonic stage of development | Embryologic effects (birth effects or defects) |
| A dose response curve as a straight line | Linear |
| Abnormalities that most frequently occur from weeks 3 to 20 gestation in humans | Skeletal |
| Cancer and genetic defects are examples of _________ effects. | Stochastic |
| Some examples of measurable late biologic damage are: | 1. Cataracts 2. Leukemia 4. Genetic Mutation |
| Which of the following provide the foundation for the sigmoid or S shape (nonlinear) threshold curve of radiation dose response? | 1. Data from human populations observed after acute high doses of radiation |
| The linear nonthreshold curve implies that biologic response is: | Directly proportional to the dose |
| Reevaluation of the quantity and type of radiation that was released in the atomic bombing of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki has led to revised atomic bomb data in which radiation induced leukemia and solid tumors be attributed predominantly to: | Gamma radiation exposure |
| During the 10 years immediately after the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power station accident, which of the following was the most pronounced health effects observed? | 2. Dramatic increase in thyroid cancer in children living in the regions where the heaviest radioactive contamination occurred. |
| Early demise of experimental animals exposed to nonlethal doses of ionizing radiation actually resulted from: | Induction of cancer |
| According to data from studies performed on U.S. Radiologic Technologist individuals who began working before 1950 had a somewhat higher risk of dying from _______ when compared with technologists Who started working in 1950 and later. | Leukemia |
| Most diagnostic procedures result in equivalent doses: | Less than 0.01 Sv. |
| Epidemiologic studies are of significant value to science who use the information from these studies to formulate dose response estimates to predict the risk of: | Cancer in human population exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation |
| Which of the following measures the effectiveness of ionizing radiation in causing mutations? | Doubling dose |
| Recent studies of atomic bomb survivors tend to support the ________ risk model over the ________ risk model | Relative, absolute |
| The linear dose response model is used to establish radiation protection standards because it accurately reflects the effects of: | High LET radiation at higher doses. |
| the Number of excess cancers, or cancers that would not have occurred in a given population in question without exposure to ionizing radiation, may be predicted by which of the following? | 1. Absolute risk model. 3. Relative risk model. |
| After the radiation accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, how many children in Poland and some other countries were given potassium iodide in an attempt to prevent: | Thyroid cancer |
| Most radiation induced genetic mutations are: | Recessive mutations |
| Spontaneous mutations in human genetic material cause a wide variety of diseases including: | 1. Down syndrome. 2. Hemophilia. 3. Sickle cell anemia. |
| When exposure to ionizing radiation causes proliferation of the white blood cells, the radiation induced disease that occurs in: | Leukemia |
| Radiation can induce genetic damage by which of the following means? | Altering the essential base coding sequence of DNA |
| Members of which of the following groups of radiologic technologists have demonstrated the greatest risk of dying of breast cancer as a consequence of their occupation? | Technologist who began working before 1940. |
| Cataracts, leukemia, and genetic mutations are examples of: | Measurable radiation induced biologic damage. |
| Which of the following led to the development of the doubling dose concept? | Animal studies of radiation induced genetic effects. |
| The only concrete evidence that ionizing radiation causes genetic effects comes from: | Extensive experiments with fruit flies and mice at high radiation doses. |
| Which of the following are mutagens? | 1. Elevated temperature. 2. Ionizing radiation. 3. Viruses. |
| Mutant genes cannot properly govern the cell’s normal chemical reactions or properly control the sequence __________ in the formation of specific proteins. | Amino acids. |
| Radium decays with a half-life of 1622 years to the radioactive element: | Radon |
| During the embryonic stage of development | All life forms seem to be most vulnerable to radiation exposure. |
| Which of the following are examples of stochastic effects? | Cancer and genetic defects |
| After the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, approximately how many people worldwide received some exposure to fallout? | 400,000 |
| For a recessive mutations to appear in an offspring: | Both parents must have the same genetic defects |
| Based on revised atomic bomb data from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, radiation induced leukemias and solid tumors in the survivors may be attributed predominantly to: | Gamma radiation exposure |
| Young women who painted watch dials with radium in some factories in New Jersey in the 1920’s and 1930s eventually developed which of the following conditions as a consequence f their exposure to radiation? | 1. Osteoporosis. 2. Osteogenic sarcoma. 3. Carcinomas of the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses. |
| Which of the following groups of individuals receive radiation treatment that indicated radiation can cause breast cancer when healthy breast tissue was exposed to radiation? | Patients treated for benign postpartum mastitis. |
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