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Urban Geography
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What occurs in peripheral urban areas | contrasts between rich and poor, lack of zoning laws, shanty towns |
| Where are the world's most populated cities | in the least prosperous parts of the world |
| What are the 4 parts of core city development | commercialization, gentrification, tear-downs and McMansions, and Urban sprawl |
| commercialization | transforming the central city into a place attractive to new resident and tourists (parks and recreation facilities) -blight often persists just outside the commercialized centers though |
| gentrification | when wealthier residents buy and fix-up housing in a poorer area, changes the character of a place, may force out original residents |
| Tear-Downs and McMansions | gentrification process in suburbs involving the destruction of old homes and replacing them with massive, uniform homes |
| Urban Sprawl | large expanses of urban (connecting suburban as well) development with little regard for planning |
| What is New Urbanism | urban design movement promoting walkable and diverse neighborhoods pros: planning the use of space regionally, use of appropriate architecture, and balance between jobs and housing cons: manufactured communities feel disconnected, no char. of a city |
| what is white flight | White people fleeing from the cities and moving into the suburbs originated in US, 1950s and 1960s, large-scale migration of people of various ancestries from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions. |
| blockbusting | business practice of real estate agents and developers encouraging white property owners to sell their houses at a loss, by implying that racial minorities were moving into neighborhoods, thus depressing real estate property value |
| what prevented minorities from moving to suburbs | can't afford it, discriminating real estate policies and the banking practice of redlining, increased racial tension and defacto segregation |
| What is the mindset/purpose behind gated communities? (4) | maintain safety and increase property values, homeowners create rules, could serve to segregate between classes and races, have been used to make lower classes areas safer by creating safer communities that are defensible |
| What do ethnic neighborhoods in Europe reflect? | ties to former colonies, immigrants in western europe mostly from east europe and periphery nation |
| European colonialism influenced | city growth in former colonies |
| Where were privileged ethnic groups during colonial times situated | in better areas of cities than those who weren't |
| What are slums and where are they located | large parts of ethnic neighborhoods on the outskirts of cities where permanent structures end |
| What did wealthier land owners during colonialism do | charge rent from slum dwellers on their land |
| where do informal economies thrive | in shantytowns |
| What is a World or Global City | a dominant city in terms of global economy that facilitate and are shaped by globalization |
| Which cities are considered world/global cities | New York, London, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Paris |
| How are world cities (usually capitals) ranked | alpha, beta, gamma |
| What is Spaces of consumption | consumption promoted and cross promoted through media agencies (ex: NY Times Square & Berlin's Potzdammer Platz |
| What is the population of a megacities | in excess of 10,000,000 |
| How many megacities are in existence | 35 |
| What are the 10 largest cities | 1. Tokyo , Japan 2. Dehil, India 3. Seol, Korea 4. Shanghai, China 5. Mumbai, India 6. Karachi, Pakistan 7. Mexico City, MX, 8. Bejing, China 9. Sao Paulo, Brazil 10. Jakarta, Indonesia 11. New York City, NY |
| What's a city | a mix of buildings and people; forming a center of cultural, political and economic activity |
| What's urban morphology | layout of a city (form and structure) |
| What's urbanization | worldwide movement to cities (the process of making an area more urban) |
| what's urban | build up of central city and suburbs |
| what's rural | not in the city, countryside areas |
| Have all places urbanized at the same rate | No, china just starting becoming more urban |
| Has most of human history been urban or rural | rural |
| Why do cities require switching from hunting and gathering to agriculture | Agricultural villages share everything (near subsistence living and egalitarian) |
| what is subsistence living | the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level |
| what is egalitarian | relating to the principles that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities |
| what is fertile crescent | 1st agricultural hearth, about 8,000 years ago |
| what followed fertile crescent | indus river valley and mesoamerica |
| what did the formation of cities require | agricultural surplus and social stratification |
| What 4 things occur in the leadership class | |
| when was the first urban revolution | development of cities in 3500 BCE |
| What was the world like when the formation of cities began | world was still mostly rural, urban centers were exceptions |
| What were key factors in the formation of cities | arable land, water and defensibility, disease kept populations down |
| what were the populations in the earlier cities like compared to today | 10-15,000 |
| What are the 5 hearths | mesopotamia, nile river valley, indus river valley, huang he river valley, mesoamerica |
| What were the roles of ancient cities | religion, power, economy, education, and invention |
| what are some examples of invention | metallurgy, technology, infrastructure, etc. |
| what is absolute location | the latitude and longitude coordinates of a place ex: NYC is 40.7127 degrees N, 74.0059 degrees west |
| what are 3 things that features of a site can impact | trade, defense, relevance |
| what's relative location | the relative location of a city as well as its place in the region and world around it ex: NYC is situated in the north eastern US as a global, economic, cultural and political center |
| When did the cities in Greece developed | 800-500 BCE |
| What were the largest cities in Greece | Sparta and Athens (250,000 people) |
| Where in Greece was the central point and center of | |
| What problems were prevalent in early Greece | poor housing, slave labor, unsanitary |
| what was the impact of the early cities in Greece | influenced Rome - spread to europe and influenced western society - colonialism and capitalism spread ideas about cities to the world |
| what was the terrain in Greece like | hilly terrain allowed them to not have to build mounds and temples, there was a network of hundreds of cities connected by trade |
| Who had the largest urban system | Rome - the empire incorporated a greater area |
| what is the hierarchy of settlements in rome | villages to major cities |
| describe the extensive transportation systems in rome | thousands of miles of road helped connect and hold together the empire; established sea routes, trading ports and posts |
| describe the public spaces in rome | forum combined acropolis and agora; coliseums were the largest in rome with greater towns having greater coliseums |
| what problems were prevalent in rome | 1/3 - 1/2 of the population are slaves; overcrowded tenements, poor sanitation |
| Where were cites for cities before european exploration began | inland |
| What route helped sustain land based trade | the Silk Road |
| What was the connection between exploration and oceanic trade | exploration refocused the situation of power from inland to coastal cities; |
| what did exploration lead to and what did it bring to europe | colonialism and brought vast wealth to europe |
| When did the second urban revolution occur | late 18th century |
| What happened during the industrial revolution | it happened in great britain and drew people to cities - urbanization |
| what happened during the second agricultural revolution | more food, less agricultural workers, new inventions: seed drill, hybrid seeds, and improved breeding practices |
| What were the site and situation changes in the industrial revolution | not every mercantilist city saw growth; resources at the site of a city determined importance |
| why did situations change in the industrial revolution | they were based on proximity to resources, fresh moving water, coal, and iron ore |
| what did steam engines provide | allow for more machinery in factories and greater ease of transportation so cities not situated near resources could take part in industrialization as well |
| what were the negatives of site and situation change in the IR | pollution, unsanitary conditions, lack of affordable housing for many, poor working conditions, child labor |
| Who were the major influencers of the latter 20th century | communists ideas of Fredrick engles and karl marx |
| what were some of the major effects of the 20th century | worker's rights were recognized, but rapid growth, poor planning, and immigration led to slums and ghettos; cities and companies moved factories out of urban areas creating Rust Belts |
| what is population | the number of people living in a town or city |
| what is trade area | area around a city in which its influence is dominant |
| what do the population and trade area size combine to form | a hierarchy of cities based upon these factors |
| what is the rank size rule | population of a city or town is inversely related to its rank within an urban hierarchy (largest city=1,000,000; 2nd largest city = 500,000 and so on |
| what are primate cities | one, primary city, larger by far than others in a country |
| What is the central place theory | attempts to explain the spatial arrangement, size, and number of settlements - see chart |
| why are there hexagons instead of circles on the central place theory? is this accurate? | circles leave uncovered areas or overlap; no. central place theory is based on a set of assumptions |
| what are the assumptions of the central place theory | flat surface, no physical barriers; soil fertility constant; population and purchasing power evenly distributed; uniform transportation; goods or service could be sold in all directions to a certain distance |
| what could change if the shifting of these assumption will change | the layout of cities |
| What is the sunbelt | area of southern US experiencing population growth from retiring baby boomers and people seeking warmer, sunnier weather |
| what major cities are a part of the sunbelt | dallas, atlanta, phoenix, tampa and jacksonville migration to major urban centers is still occurring and this migration is creating more active urban centers in the sunbelt |
| what is functional donation | the division of a city into certain regions for certain purposes, functional regions |
| what is central business district (CBD) | concentration of business and commerce in a city's downtown |
| what is central city | the non-suburban portion of an urban area |
| what are suburbs | an outlying, functionally uniform, part of an urban area |
| what are exurbs | prosperous district outside of the city on the edge of suburbs |
| what is suburbanization | process by which land previously outside of the urban environment becomes urbanized as people and business move there |
| what is the concentric model | 1920's, ex: Chicago; as the city grew lands converted in zones around the outside of the city; dynamic; as the city grew the inner zones impact the adjacent outer zones |
| What is the sector model | 1930's; city grows outward from the center so zones can extend into the core; residential segregation within city; different groups have proximity to different resources |
| what is the multiple nuclei model | 1940's; CBD losing its role as nucleus of the urban area |
| What is the urban realms model | 1970's and 80's; other models too simplistic; new interconnecting roadways; outer cities grow rapidly and become functionally independent of the central city |
| What did edge cities form | |
| what is the criteria for edge cities | has five million or more square feet of leasable office space; has 600,000 square feet or more of leasable retail space, has more jobs than residences, is perceived by the population as one place, was nothing like a "city" as recently as 30 years ago. |
| what is in indigenous city | cities which remained disconnected from globalizing forces |
| What are colonial cities | cities which served as colonial headquarters |
| what are western cities | modern cities resembling in format cities of europe and N. America |
| What is the griffin-ford/new ford model | ex: buenos Aires, argentina; blend traditional latin-americas culture with a more globalized urban culture; increasingly poor moving away from center |
| what are the disamenity and perfectario zones | barrios or favelas: areas stricken with extreme poverty, controlled by gangs or drug lords, little to no public services, little to no law |
| what is the sub-saharan african city model | some of the world's lowest levels of urbanization; areas with much farming; fastest growing cities because of the evergreen population pyramid; huge variety of city types racing from traditional and colonial to modern; many have 3 CBD's: |
| describe 3 CBD's: | colonial - vertical development traditional - single story businesses market - open air and informal |
| what is the southeast asian city model | see handout |
Created by:
g8orchomp