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Chapter 8 A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sites where two or more bones meet | Joints, also called articulations |
| three types based on what material binds the joints and whether a cavity is present: Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial | Structural |
| immovable joints | Synarthroses |
| slightly movable joints | Amphiarthroses |
| freely movable joints | Diarthroses |
| Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphoses | 3 types of fibrous joints |
| Closed, immovable sutures referred to as | synostoses |
| Bones are connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue | syndesmoses |
| offer little to no movement Example: inferior tibiofibular joint | Short fibers |
| offer a larger amount of movement Example: interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna | Longer Fibers |
| Peg-in-socket joints Only examples are the teeth in alveolar sockets | Gomphoses |
| Fibrous connection is the____ Holds tooth in socket | periodontal ligament |
| Bones united by cartilage Like fibrous joints, have no joint cavity Not highly movable | Cartilaginous joints |
| Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones Almost all are synarthrotic (immovable) | Synchondroses |
| Temporary epiphyseal plate joints. Cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium of sternum | Example of synchondroses |
| Fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint Ex:Intervertebral joints Pubic symphysis | Symphyses |
| Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity All are diarthrotic (freely movable) | synovial joints |
| Have bursae and tendon sheaths associated with them | Characteristics of synovial joints |
| ____ joints have 6 general features: articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, articular joint capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and blood vessels | synovial joints |
| consists of hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones | Articular cartilage |
| small, fluid-filled potential space that is unique to synovial joints | Joint (synovial) cavity |
| two layers thick. External fibrous layer: dense irregular connective tissue. Inner synovial membrane: loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid. | Articular joint capsule |
| viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid | Synovial fluid |
| For cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone | Fatty pads (features of some synovial joints) |
| *Fibrocartilage* separates articular surfaces to improve “fit” of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear | Articular discs (menisci) (features of some synovial joints) |
| reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together | Bursae |
| elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction | Tendon sheaths |
| Shape of articular surface (minor role). Ligament number and location (limited role). Muscle tone keeps tendons taut as they cross joints (most important). | Factors influencing stablity of synovial joints |
| Origin: attachment to immovable bone. Insertion: attachment to movable bone. | Movement allowed by synovial joints |
| One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface Ex: Intercarpal joints Intertarsal joints Between articular processes of vertebrae | Gliding movements |
| Increase or decrease angle between two bones. Flexion: decreases the angle of the joint. Extension: increases the angle of the joint. Hyperextension: movement beyond the anatomical position. | Angular movements |
| movement along frontal plane, away from the midline | Abduction |
| movement along frontal plane, toward the midline | adduction |
| Involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb Limb describes cone in space | circumduction |
| turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it Medial: rotation toward midline Lateral: rotation away from midline | Rotation |
| rotation of radius and ulna | Supination and pronation |
| palms face anteriorly | Supination |
| palms face posteriorly | Pronation |
| bending foot toward shin | Dorsiflexion |
| pointing toes | plantar flexion |
| sole of foot faces medially | inversion |
| soles of foot faces laterally | eversion |
| mandible juts out | protraction |
| retraction | mandible is pulled towards neck |
Created by:
cshelly