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Effects produced by reactive free radicals, which are created by the interaction of radiation with a water molecule
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Concept that the cell dies is inactivation of the master, or key, molecule occurs as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation
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Radiation Protection
Ch. 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Effects produced by reactive free radicals, which are created by the interaction of radiation with a water molecule | Indirect Action |
| Concept that the cell dies is inactivation of the master, or key, molecule occurs as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation | Target Theory |
| Solitary atoms or most often a combination of atoms that behave as extremely reactive single entities as a result of the presence of unpaired electrons | Free Radicals |
| Used to calculate need a equalivalent dose to determine the ability of a dose of any kind of ionizing radiation to cause biologic damage. | Radiation Weighting Factor (Wr) |
| Lose or change of a nitrogenous base in the DNA chain | Mutation |
| Lesions that result when irradiation occurs early in interphase, before DNA synthesis takes place | Chromosome Aberration |
| Describes the relative capabilities of radiation with differing LETs to produce a particular biologic reaction | RBE |
| Chemical unions created between atoms by single sharing of one or more pairs of electrons | Covalent cross-links |
| Programmed cell death | Apoptosis |
| The radio sensitivity of cells is directly proportional to their reproductive activity and inversely proportional to their degree of differentiation | Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau |
| Ratio of the radiation dose required to cause particular biologic response of cells or organisms in an oxygen-deprived environment to the dose required to cause an identical response under normal oxygenated conditions. | OER |
| Method of displaying the sensitivity of a particular type of cell to radiation | Cell Survival Curve |
| Lesions that result when irradiation of individual chromatids occur later in interphase, after DNA synthesis takes place | Chromatid Aberrations |
| Biologic damage that occurs as a result of ionization of atoms on master, or key, molecules (e.g., DNA) and that causes these molecules to become inactive or functionally altered | Direct Action |
| The average energy deposited per unit length of track | LET |
| The breaking of one or both of the sugar-phosphate chain of a DNA molecule that can be caused by exposure of the molecule to ionizing radiation | Chromosome Breakage |
| Branch of biology concerned with the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems | Radiation Biology |
| Injury to the molecular level resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation | Molecular Damage |
| Female and male reproductive cells | Germ Cells |
| A hydrogen radical and a hydroxyl radicals | H* and OH |
| Genetic mutation in which the chromosome is not broken but the DNA within the damaged | Point Mutation |
| A hydroperoxyl radical | HO2* |
| An organic neutral free radical | R* |
| OH + OH = H2O2, a substance that is poisonous to the cell | Hydrogen Peroxide |
| Exposing a cell to as little as 0.01 Gy of ionizing radiation just before it begins dividing can result in failure of the cell to start dividing on time. | Mitotic Delay |
| Radiation damage is observed on which of the following three level? | Molecular, Cellular, and Organic |
| Molecular damage results in the formation of structurally: | Changed molecules that may impair cellular function |
| According to the target theory, if only a few non DNA cell molecules are destroyed by radiation exposure, the cell probably will: | Not show any evidence of injury after irradiation |
| Each cell's function is determined and defined by the structures of its constituent molecules. If these structures are altered by radiation exposure, the following may result: | 1. Disturbance of the cell's chemical balance 2. Disturbance of the cell operation 3. Failure of the cell to perform normal tasks |
| Chromosomes aberrations results when irradiation occurs: | Early in interphase |
| Which of the following are examples of distorted chromosomes? | Anaphase bridges Dicentric chromosomes Ring Chromosomes |
| Which of the following is useful for explaining cell death and nonfatal cell abnormalities caused by exposure to radiation? | Target Theory |
| X-rays and gamma rays can be referred to as "streams of particles" because of the property known as: | Wave-particle duality |
| The random interaction of x-rays can be with matter produces a variety of structural changes in biologic tissue, including: | 1. A single - strand break in one chromosome 2. More than one break in the same chromosome 3. Stickiness, or clumping together, of chromosomes |
| Why are repair enzymes usually able to reserve the cellular damage generally caused by low-level ionizing radiation? | Damage to DNA is sublethal |
| What governs the radiation dose required to cause apoptosis? | The radiosensitivity of the individual cell |
| Describes the ratio of the radiation dose required to cause a particular biologic response of cells or organisms in an oxygen deprived environment to the radiation dose required to cause an identical response under normal oxygenated conditions? | OER |
| Which of the following is a method of displaying the sensitivity of a particular type of cell to radiation? | Cell survival curve |
| Where are the lymphocytes manufactured in the human body? | Bone Marrow |
| Defines the ratio of the dose of a reference radiation to the dose of radiation of the type in question that is necessary to produce the same biologic reaction in a given experiment? | RBE |
| A biologic reaction is produced by 6 Gyt of a test radiation. It takes 36 Gyt of 250-kVp x-ray radiation to produce the same biologic reaction. What is the RBE of the test radiation? | 6 |
| A hydroperoxyl radical (HO2*) is formed when a hydrogen free radical (H*) combines with: | Molecular oxygen (O2) |
| LET is an important factor for: | Assessing potential tissue and organ damage from exposure to ionizing radiation |
| Because high-LET types of radiation deposit more energy per unit length of biologic tissue transversed, they are: | More destructive to biologic matter than low-LET radiation |
| Ring chromosome, dicentric chromosomes, and anaphase bridges are examples of: | Distorted chromosomes |
| For radiation protection, high-LET radiation is of greatest concern when a radionuclide has been implanted, ingested, injected, or inhaled because: | The potential exists for irreparable damage because multiple-strand breaks in DNA are possible |
| Free radicals behave as an extremely reactive single entity as a result of the presence of: | Unpaired electrons |
| Which of the following are classified as high-LET radiation? | Alpha particles |
| A biologic reaction is produced by 3 Gyt of a test radiation. It takes 12 Gyt of 250-kVp x-radiation to produce the same biologic reaction. What is the (RBE) of the test radiation? | 4 |
| Which action of ionizing radiation is most harmful to the human body? | Indirect action |
| Which molecules in the human body are most commonly directly acted on by ionizing radiation to produce molecular damage through an indirect action? | Water |
| When does ionizing radiation cause complete chromosome breakage? | When two direct hits occur in the same rung of the DNA macromolecule |
| When significant numbers of lymphocytes are damaged by exposure from ionizing radiation, the body: | 1. Loses its natural ability to combat infection. 2. Becomes more susceptible to bacteria 3. Becomes more susceptible to viral antigens |
| With respect to the law of bergonie and tribondeau, which of the following would best complete this statement? "the most pronounced radiation effects occur in cells have the ______." | Greatest reproductive activity, longest mitotic phase, and least maturity. |
| What do basal cells of the skin, intestinal crypt cells, and reproductive cells have in common? | All cells are radiosensitive. |
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