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Govt
Chapter 1-3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ideology | The beliefs and ideals that help shape political opinion and eventually policy |
| Intense preferences | beliefs and preferences based on strong feelings regarding an issue that someone adheres to over time |
| Latent preferences | beliefs and preferences people are not deeply committed to and that change over time |
| Partisanship | strong support, or even blind allegiance, for a particular political party |
| Social Capital | Connections with others and the willingness to interact and aid them |
| elite theory | Claims political power rest in the hands of a small, superior group of people |
| Pluralist theory | Claims political power rest in the hands of a group of people |
| Common goods | Goods that all people can use but are limited in supply |
| Democracy | A form of government where political party rest in the hands of the people |
| Direct democracy | A form of government where people participate directly in making government decisions instead of choosing representatives to do it for them |
| Government | The means where society organizes itself and allocates authority in order to accomplish its collective goals |
| Majority rules | A fundamental principle of democracy, should have the power to make decisions binding the whole |
| Minority rule | Projection of those who are not part of the majority |
| Monarchy | A form of government where one ruler;usually a hereditary one, hold political power |
| Oligarchy | A form of government where a handful of superior society members hold political power |
| Political power | influences over government institutions, leadership, or policies |
| politics | the process by which we decide how resources will be allocated and which policies government will pursue |
| private goods | goods provided by private businesses that can only be used by those who pay for them |
| public goods | goods provided by the government that anyone can use and are available to all without charge |
| representative democracy | a form of government where voters elect representatives to make decisions and pass laws on behalf of all the people instead of allowing people to vote directly on laws |
| toll goods | a good that is available to many people but is used by only those who can pay for them |
| totalitarianism | a form of government where all government is powerful and citizens have no rights |
| declaration of Independence | a document written in 1776 in which American colonist proclaimed their independence from great Britain and listed their grievances against the British king |
| natural rights | the right to life, liberty, and property, believed to be given by rights and no government can take it away |
| Social Contract | an agreement between people and government in which citizens consents to be governed as long as the government protects their natural rights |
| Articles of Confederation | the first basis for the new nation’s government; adopted in 1781; created an alliance of sovereign states held together by a weak central government |
| confederation | a highly decentralized form of government; sovereign states form a union for purposes such as mutual defense |
| republic | a form of government in which political power rests in the hands of the people, not a monarch, and is exercised by elected representative |
| bicameral legislature | a legislature with two houses such as the U.S. congress |
| checks and balances | a system that allows one branch of government to limit the exercise of power by another branch; requires the different parts of government to work together |
| enumerated power | the powers given explicitly to the federal government by the Constitution Article 1 section 8; power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, raise and support armies, declare war, coin money, and conduct foreign affairs |
| federal system | a form of government in which power is divided between state governments and a national government |
| great compromise | a compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan that created a two-house Congress; representation based on population in the House of Representatives and equal representation of states in the Senate |
| New Jersey plan | a plan that called for a one-house national legislature; each state would receive one vote |
| reserved powers | any powers not prohibited by the Constitution or delegated to the national government; powers reserved to the states and denied to the federal government |
| separations of powers | the sharing of powers among three separate branches of government |
| supremacy clause | the statement in Article VI of the Constitution that federal law is superior to laws passed by state legislatures |
| three-fifths compromise | a compromise between northern and southern states that called for counting of all a state’s free population and 60 percent of its slave population for both federal taxation and representation in Congress |
| unicameral legislature | a legislature with only one house, like the Confederation Congress or the legislature proposed by the New Jersey Plan |
| veto | the power of the president to reject a law proposed by Congress |
| virginia plan | a plan for a two-house legislature; representatives would be elected to the lower house based on each state’s population; representatives for the upper house would be chosen by the lower house |
| Anti-Federalist | those who didn't support ratification of the constitution |
| Federalist | those who support the ratification of the constitution |
| The Federalist Papers | a collection of eighty-five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of ratification of the Constitution |
| bill of rights | the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution; most were designed to protect fundamental rights and liberties |
| bill of attainder | a legislative action declaring someone guilty without a trial; prohibited under the Constitution |
| concurrent powers | shared state and federal powers that range from taxing, borrowing, and making and enforcing laws to establishing court systems |
| devolution | a process in which powers from the central government in a unitary system are delegated to subnational units |
| elastic clause | the last clause of Article I, Section 8, which enables the national government “to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying” out all its constitutional responsibilities |
| ex post facto law | a law that criminalizes an act retroactively; prohibited under the Constitution |
| federalism | an institutional arrangement that creates two relatively autonomous levels of government, each possessing the capacity to act directly on the people with authority granted by the national constitution |
| full faith and credit clause | found in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution, this clause requires states to accept court decisions, public acts, and contracts of other states; also referred to as the comity provision |
| privileges and immunitites clause | found in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution, this clause prohibits states from discriminating against out-of-staters by denying such guarantees as access to courts, legal protection, and property and travel rights |
| unitary system | a centralized system of government in which the subnational government is dependent on the central government, where substantial authority is concentrated |
| writ of habeas corpus | a petition that enables someone in custody to petition a judge to determine whether that person’s detention is legal i |
| cooperative federalism | a style of federalism in which both levels of government coordinate their actions to solve national problems, leading to the blending of layers as in a marble cake |
| dual federalism | a style of federalism in which the states and national government exercise exclusive authority in distinctly delineated spheres of jurisdiction, creating a layer-cake view of federalism |
| general revenue sharing | a type of federal grant that places minimal restrictions on how state and local governments spend the money |
| new federalism | a style of federalism premised on the idea that the decentralization of policies enhances administrative efficiency, reduces overall public spending, and improves outcomes |
| nullification | a doctrine promoted by John Calhoun of South Carolina in the 1830s, asserting that if a state deems a federal law unconstitutional, it can nullify it within its borders |
| block grant | a type of grant that comes with less stringent federal administrative conditions and provide recipients more latitude over how to spend grant funds |
| categorical grant | a federal transfer formulated to limit recipients’ discretion in the use of funds and subject them to strict administrative criteria |
| creeping categorization | a process in which the national government attaches new administrative requirements to block grants or supplants them with new categorical grants |
| unfunded mandates | federal laws and regulations that impose obligations on state and local governments without fully compensating them for the costs of implementation |
| immigration federalism | the gradual movement of states into the immigration policy domain traditionally handled by the federal government |
| venue shopping | a strategy in which interest groups select the level and branch of government they calculate will be most receptive to their policy goals |
| race-to-the-bottom | a dynamic in which states compete to attract business by lowering taxes and regulations, often to workers’ detriment |
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