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Geology-Ch. 1
Test1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| science that pursues an understanding of planet Earth | geology |
| examines the materials composing Earth and seeks to understand the many processes that operate beneath and upon its surface | physical geology |
| seeks an understanding of the origin of Earth and its development through time | historical geology |
| challenging because it is a dynamic body with many interacting parts | Earth |
| a. Natural hazardsb. Resourcesc. World population growthd. Environmental issues | problems and issues addressed by geology |
| wrote about such topics as fossils, gems, earthquakes, and volcanoes more than 2300 years ago | Early Greeks |
| the most influential Greek philosopher | Aristotle |
| belief that Earth’s landscape had been shaped primarily by great catastrophes | Catastrophism |
| 2. Features such as mountains and canyons were produced by sudden and often worldwide disasters | catastrophism |
| 2. Constructed a chronology of human and Earth history. Earth was only a few thousand years old (created in 4004 B.C.) | Archbishop James Ussher Mid-1600s |
| During the seventeenth and eighteenth century this doctrine strongly influenced people’s thinking about the Earth | catastrophism |
| began in the late 1700s with James Hutton | Modern Geology |
| Published Theory of the Earth | James Hutton |
| Fundamental principle of geology that the physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geologic past | Uniformitarianism |
| acceptance of a very long history for Earth | acceptance |
| no one effectively demonstrated that geological processes occur over extremely long periods of time | Prior to Hutton |
| dates are placed in their proper sequence or order without knowing their age in years | Relative Dating |
| principle of relative dating | Law of superposition |
| principle of relative dating | Principle of fossil succession |
| Involves vast times – millions or billions of years; many processes are very gradual | magnitude of geologic time |
| the natural world is consistent and predictable | nature of scientific inquiry |
| Discover the underlying patterns in nature, use the knowledge to make predictions | Goal of Science |
| through observation and measurements | collect facts |
| a tentative (or untested) explanation | hypothesis |
| a well-tested and widely accepted view that the scientific community agrees best explains certain observable facts; A hypothesis that has survived extensive scrutiny | theory |
| a theory that is held with a very high degree of confidence because it explains a large number of interrelated aspects of the natural world | paradigm |
| gathering facts through observations and formulating hypotheses and theories | scientific method |
| Collecting scientific facts through observation and measurement, then developing one or more working hypotheses or models make observations and experiments to test the hypothesis, reexamining the hypothesis and either accept, modify or reject the model | scientific investigations |
| a planet that is small, self-contained and in some ways even | Earth |
| Water more than anything else makes Earth unique; global ocean - the most prominent feature and also includes the water found in streams, lakes, and glaciers- freshwater | hydrosphere |
| Nearly 71% of Earth's surface andAbout 97% of Earth's water | hydrosphere |
| The life-giving gaseous envelope that surrounds Earth; Without an atmosphere many of the processes that shape Earth’s surface could not operate | atmosphere |
| Includes all life on Earth and influences the makeup and nature of the other three spheres | biosphere |
| 4th sphere | solid earth |
| a group of interacting, or independent, parts that form a complex wholeex. Weather system Solar system | earth system |
| Parts are linked so that a change in one part can produce changes in any or all other parts | earth system |
| Earth system is powered by this, it drives external processes that occur in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and at the Earth’s surface | sun |
| heat remaining from the formation and heat that is continuously generated by radioactive decay powers the internal processes that produce volcanoes earthquakes, and mountains | Earth's interior |
| most researchers believe that Earth and the other planets formed at essentially the same time from the same primordial material as the Sun | origin of planet Earth |
| Solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula | nebular hypothesis |
| composed mostly of hydrogen and helium | nebula |
| About 5 billion years ago nebula began to contract, assumed a flat, disk shape with the protosun at the center;Inner planets begin to form from metallic and rocky clumps of substances with high melting points; Larger outer planets began forming from fragm | nebula formation |
| As Earth formed, high-velocity impacts caused the temperature to increase and iron and nickel began to melt and sink toward the center; Buoyant masses of molten rock rose to the surface to produce a primitive crust | Earth's formation |
| elements that sunk to the center during Earth's formation | iron and nickel |
| An iron-rich core A thin primitive crustThe mantle between the core and crust | Earth's layers |
| evolved as gaseous materials escaped from Earth’s interior | primitive atmosphere |
| lost to erosion and other geologic processes | primitive crust |
| defined by Chemical composition, and/orPhysical properties | Earth's internal layers |
| Thin layer, rocky outer skin | crust |
| crust that's Seven kilometers (5 miles thick)and Composed of dark igneous rocks called basalt | oceanic crust |
| crust that Averages 35-40 kilometers (25 miles) thick and Composition consists of many rock types | continental crust |
| average composition of a granitic rock | upper crust |
| more akin to basalt | lower crust |
| less dense and older than oceanic crust rocks | continental crust |
| Over 82% of Earth’s volumeSolid, rocky shellExtends to a depth of 2900 kilometers (1800 miles)Dominant rock in the uppermost mantle is peridotite | mantle |
| Thought to be composed of an iron-nickel alloy with minor amounts of oxygen, silicon, and sulfurDue to the extreme pressure found in the core, the density is nearly 11 g/cm3 | core |
| gradually increase with depth in Earth’s interior | Temperature, pressure, and density |
| affects the physical properties | Changes in temperature and pressure |
| 1.consists of the crust and Uppermost mantle2.Relatively cool, rigid shell3.Averages about 100 kilometers in thickness, but may be 250 kilometers or more thick below the older portions of the continents | lithosphere |
| 4.Within the ocean basins it is only a few kilometers thick | lithosphere |
| 1.Beneath the lithosphere, in the upper mantle2.Small amount of melting in the top portion3.Lithosphere is mechanically detached and is able to move independently of the asthenosphere | athenosphere |
| 1. lower mantle2.Between 660 and 2900 kilometers3.Rocks are rigid but capable of very gradual flow | mesosphere |
| a. A liquid layerb. Convective flow of metallic iron generates Earth’s magnetic field | outer core |
| a. Strong due to immense pressureb. Solid | inner core |
| 1. Circum-Pacific belt surrounding the Pacific Ocean2. The area that extends eastward from the Alps through Iran and the Himalayas, and then dips southward into Indonesia | continental zones |
| Stable Interior | craton |
| expansive, flat regions on the craton composed of deformed crystalline rocks | shield |
| Other flat areas where the shields are covered by a thin veneer of sedimentary rocks | stable platform |
| gently sloping platform of continental material, extends seaward from the shore | continental shelf |
| a steep dropoff at the outer edge of the continental shelf, marks the boundary between the continents and the deep-ocean basin, not the shoreline | continental slope |
| Located between the continental margins and oceanic ridges | deep ocean basin |
| Flat, featureless areas in the deep ocean basin | abyssal plains |
| long, narrow canyons on the ocean floor | oceanic trenches |
| d. Some trenches are located adjacent to young mountains that flank the continents while others parallel linear island chains | volcanic arcs |
| submerged volcanic structures on the ocean floor | seamounts |
| 1. the most prominent topographic feature on Earth 2. Continuous belt that winds for more than 70,000 kilometers around the globe3. Composed of igneous rock that has been fractured and uplifted | ocean ridge system |
| The loop that involves the processes by which one rock changes to another | rock cycle |
| convert into rock | lithification |
| this undergoes crystallization changing into igneous rock | magma |
| This undergoes Weathering,Transportationand Deposition, creating sediment | igneous rock |
| this undergoes lithification changing into sedimentary rock | sediment |
| this undergoes heat and pressure changing into metamorphic rock | sedimentary rock |
| this undergoes melting changing into magma | Metamorphic rock |
| igneous rocks can through heat and pressure become this | metamorphic rock |
| metamorphic and igneous rocks can become weathered into this | sediment |
Created by:
kenyon5@sbcglobal.ne