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Unit Test 2-1/7/18
RNA, DNA, mutations, gene expression and protein synthesis FINISHED
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Give a nucleotide unit that would be found in DNA? | Deoxyribose, cytosine, phosphate. |
| How many codons are needed to supply 3 amino acids? | 3 (sets of 3 nucleotides in each equals 9 nucleotides bases, but 3 codons) |
| Process of protein synthesis (steps) | 1) DNA strands unwind and separate, 2)mRNA copies DNA according to complimentary base pairing, 3) mRNA leaves the nucleus, 4) tRNA binds to the cooresponding mRNA, 5) amino acids bind to each other, and the chain lengthens. 6) a stop codon is reached |
| What happens once the stop codon is reached for the process of protein synthesis? | The newly formed protein is released. |
| What is a codon? | A nucleotide triplet (a base with 3 nucleotides) in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid. |
| What is essential for protein synthesis? | DNA, tRNA, mRNA, 20 amino acids and ribosomes. |
| What type of RNA acts as a blueprint for DNA? | mRNA (messenger) |
| How many types of RNA are there? | 3- messenger, ribosome, and transfer (mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA) |
| What characteristic is for RNA and not DNA | Single stranded |
| DNA replication occurs in the | Nucleus |
| Give an example of an amino acid | Leusine |
| Give an example of a polypeptide chain | Gly-Thr-Gly |
| Definition of protein synthesis | the process of transferring a gene's instructions for making proteins. DNA's code must be copied and taken to the cytosol and there, the amino acids can be assembled to make polypeptides (PROTEINS) |
| What is RNA's function? | mRNA binds to complementary sequences sequences in mRNA and blocks translation. |
| Name differences between RNA and DNA? | RNA= uracil, DNA= thymine for their base structure OR RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded OR RNA contains ribose and DNA contains deoxyribose FOR THEIR SUGARS. |
| What direction do new RNA strands elongate toward? | 5' to 3'. |
| Definiton of translation? | Codons on the the mRNA molecule are read by a ribosome. |
| What happens to tRNA molecules after they add their amino acid to the growing protein chain? | They are released from the mRNA to pick up the specific amino acid coded for by their anticodons. |
| What are amino acids linked by? What are the names of these chains? | Peptide bonds; polypeptides |
| How are proteins and where? | Proteins are made in the cytoplasm of cells found in ribosomes |
| Where are ribosomes located? | Could be free in the cytosol, or attached to surfaces of rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum) |
| RNA is what of DNA? | It's blueprint. |
| mRNA function | messenger RNA copies DNA's code and carries genetic information to ribosomes. |
| rNA function | ribosomal RNA (along w protein) make up the ribosomes. |
| tRNa function | transfer |
| mRNA continued | long strand of nucleotides (500-1000 long), made in nucleus, copies DNA for SPECIFIC PROTEIN and leaves through nuclear pores, contains nitrogen bases of A, U, C and G. |
| rRNA continued | single strand; 100-3000 nucleotides long, "globular," made in the nucleus, associated w proteins to form ribosomes, SITE of protein synthesis. |
| What is the start codon? | AUG (methionine) |
| What is the stop codon? | UAG, UGA, UAA |
| What does a codon design? | Amino Acid |
| Can an amino acid have more than one codon? | Yes (see stop codons; there are 3) |
| How many possible codons are there for the 20 amino acids? | 64 |
| Complementary bases on DNA? | A-T, C-G |
| Complementary bases on RNA? | A-U, C-G |
| tRNA continued | "clover-leaf," single stranded molecule with an attachment site for an amino acid, opposite end has 3 nucleotides bases referred to as anticodons. |
| Are the 3 bases of an anticodon complementary to the 3 bases of a codon? | Yes (ACU-UGA) |
| What are the steps to making a proteins (what to what?) | DNA-mRNA-tRNA (ribosomes)-protein |
| What are the 2 phases of protein synthesis? | Transcription and Translation |
| What must be process for protein synthesis? | mRNA, before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells (that possess a nucleus) |
| What does prokaryotic mean, what is prokaryotic? | No nucleus; bacteria ( example- E.Coli) |
| Define transcription? | the process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, THE TEMPLATE STRAND MORE: RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the strands. Then, RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA. |
| What copies the template strand? | mRNA |
| What does transcription require? | the enzyme RNA polymerase |
| What would be the complementary RNA strand for the DNA sequence?: DNA 5'-GCGTATG-3' | RNA 3'-CGCAUAC-5' |
| Transcription *continued* | Promoters are regions on DNA that show where RNA polymerase must bind to begin. laksfaaansf |
| What are promoters? | regions on DNA that show where RNA polymerase must bind to begin |
| What is the TATA box referred as | Transcription |
| what is transcription refers to | the terminating signal |
| What must be done after transcription to make the RNA functional? | Editing |
| What are introns? | non functional segments of DNA that are snipped out of the chain |
| What are exons? | segments of DNA that code for proteins, then rejoined by the enzyme ligase |
| What is added to the 5' end of the newly copied RNA and the 3'? | guanine triphosphate group, poly A tail. |
| What can the new RNA do after this is all done? | Leave the nucleus |
| how does mRNA transport? | leaves the nucleus through it's pores and goes to the ribosome |
| Translation (continued) | the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain, ribosomes read the mRNA by 1 codon at a time and three bases to construct the protein |
| Ribosomes | made up of a large and small subunit, 40% RNA, and 60% proteins, has 2 sites for for tRNA attachment-P and A. |
| What subunit does the start codon attach to? | Small ribosomal subunit |
| What does the small subunit attach to? | The large ribosomal subunit |
| Elongation | As ribosomes move, two tRNA with their amino acids move into the site A and P of the ribosome, then peptide bonds join the amino acids. |
| What is the end product? | The primary structure of a protein |
| What is the largest protein on Earth? | Titin |
| What is the difference between translation and transcription? | Transcription- the process of DNA's being copied to RNA Translation- the process of creating protein from RNA. |
| What is the sequence that will determine where transcription will begin? | Promoter |
| The enzyme RNA polymerase builds the strand of messenger RNA. True or false? | True |
| What is enzyme responsible for reading the DNA sequence and bringing in the correct RNA nucleotide by base pairing? | RNA polymerase |
| What is the tail that is added to the mRNA transcript called? | The poly a tail |
| Introns are intervening, junk sequences of DNA that interrupt the coding or expressed sequences, called exons. True or false? | True |
| That dots on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER for short) are: | Ribosomes |
| each tRNA carries what? | A single amino acid |
| Genes can be described as | Directions for making proteins |
| The types of genes that an organism has is determined by it's sequence of nucleotide bases in it's | DNA |
| A change in the DNA base sequence that codes for a respiratory protein will most likely cause a | Change in the sequence of amino acids determined by the gene. |
| The normal genetic code is | The same for all organisms |
| The sequence of amino acids in a protein is determined by the sequence of bases in the | DNA. |
| A genetic mutation is inherited if it occurs in a gamete used in | sexual reproduction |
| If scientists use gene therapy to inset normal DNA segments of someone who doesn't have CFTR gene properly from cystic fibrosis, what is the result for the offspring? | Offspring will inherit the normal CFTR gene. |
| Gene expression | Only some genes are turned on in each type of cell. |
| The cells from the liver vs the cells from someone's skin are the same but different because | They contain different DNA, which directs the synthesis of different proteins. Those proteins form different structures and functions, making pea plant cells very differentfrom human cells. |
| Transcription vs Translation continued (Differences) | RNA is produced from DNA templates during transcription. In translation, that RNA is read to form polypeptide chains. In a eukaryotic cell, transcription goes on in the nucleus and translation is carried out by ribosomes. |
| Differences in identical twins separated at birth can be through | their environments were to opposite, it affected their gene expression. |
| After a series of cell divisions, an embryo starts to envelop different types of body cells such as muscle, nerve, and skin cells because | different segments of the genetic code are used to produce different cell types. |
| What are the words along the outside of the circle for the genetic code | Amino Acids |
| What can you find by reading this dirge from the inside out | The mRNA codons for the amino acids |
| Beginning of translation? | DNA strands unwind and separate; mRNA copies DNA according to their complementary base pairing. |
| Assembly of polypeptide | mRNA leaves the nucleus, tRNA binds to the corresponding mRNA, amino acids bind each other |
| Completing the polypeptide | the chain lengthens; a stop codon is reached and the newly formed protein is released. |
| rRNA's function during translation | rRNA acts as a helper inside the ribosome. rRNA molecules make up part of a ribosome. The molecules help hold ribosomal proteins inside the ribosome and help locate the beginning of the mRNA's message. |
| The instructions for assembling proteins are contained in the | Genes |
| The central dogma of molecular biology is that information is transferred from | DNA to RNA to protein |
| An exception to the central dogma is | the ability of some viruses to transfer information from RNA to DNA. |
| The way in which DNA, RNA, and proteins all involved in putting genetic information into action in living cells is called | Gene expression |
| All organisms are mostly the same in | the molecular biology of their genes |
| Why are pea planets and human being so different if the information in the DNA's of a cell's nucleus directs synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm? | They contain DNA which directs the synthesis of different proteins. Those proteins from different structures and functions make the cells so different from one another. |
| The change of one base to another in a DNA sequence | Substitution |
| A change in one of a few nucleotides that occur at a single point in the DNA sequence | Point Mutation |
| Part of one chromosome that breaks off and attaches to another | Translocation |
| A heritable change in genetic information | Mutation |
| A mutation that produces an extra copy of all or part of a chromes | Duplication |
| A chromosomal mutation that reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome | inversion |
| A kind of mutation that can change every amino acid that follows the point of mutation. | frameshift mutation |
| The addition of a base to the DNA sequence | Insertion |
| The cellular machinery that replicated DNA inserts an incorrect base | roughly once in ever 10 million bases |
| Small changes in genes | Gradually accumulate over time |
| A possible mutagen is | Ultraviolet light |
| What happens when cells cannot repair the damage caused by a mutagen? | The DNA base sequence changes permanently |
| Which of the following most accurately summarizes the effects of mutations on living things? | Most mutations have little or no effect, but some can be harmful or beneficial. |
| Mutations are important to the evolution of a species because they | are a source of genetic variability |
| Cancer is the product of mutation that | causes a translocation in a pair of chromosomes. |
| Explain how a change in a single base in DNA can bring out such a serious disorder in a substation mutation? | One change can create an incorrect codon in mRNA made from this DNA. When the incorrect codon is read, the wrong amino acid is placed into the polypeptide. From this, the protein cannot form or function properly. |
| How do prokaryotes conserve energy? | Regulating their activities and only producing cells needed for necessary functions. |
| How do DNA-binding proteins in prokaryotes regulate genes? | by controlling transcription; some of these proteins will switch genes on while others switch them off |
| Operon? | A group of genes that are regulated together |
| What is in the lac operon in E coli? | Three genes; LacZ, LacY, LacI. |
| What is the function of these genes? | Allow e coli to use lactose for foo when it is there or available |
| Turns the lac operon off | repressor |
| How does it turn it off? | It binds to the operating region, blocking transcription from taking place (because it blocks the RNA polymerase from reading the strand) |
| How does lactose it turn it on? | It requires repressors to be released from the operator, enabling the RNA polymerase to be able to read the DNA strand. |
| Repressor protein | Regulates the "on" and "off" process for transcription |
| Operator | Enables transcription to take place after the repressor leaves |
| RNA polymerase | When the repressor is not present, this reads the DNA strand enabling transcription to take place; and carries out transcription of lac genes. |
| Lactose | causes the repressor to detach from the operator |
| What is a TATA box and its function? | A short region of DNA that contains T and A pairs. Once a protein binds to this box, helps position RNA polymerase |
| Transcription factors? | Dna binding proteins that bind to DNA sequences in regulatory regions of genes and help control gene expression. |
| How does gene regulation make cell specialization possible? | It allows genes to be expressed in some cells; but not in all (particular and specific) |
| Is DNA able to fit through nuclear pores? | No, that is why single stranded RNA is made from detachment of strands of DNA and that travels through nuclear pores and out of the nucleus where DNA stays. |
Created by:
jscognamiglio