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Stack #269290
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mysterians | believe that certain questions regarding human nature are unanswerable |
| Meehl's maxim | Behavior is difficult to predict |
| Multicollinearity | overlap among different causes of behavior |
| reciprocal determinism | People affect each other |
| paradox of reflexivity | The brain didn't evolve to understand itself |
| multiply determined | caused by many factors. |
| Problem of reactivity | People in psychological experiments usually know they're being studied |
| individual differences | People differ from each other;thinking, emotion, behavior |
| Emic | (insider) |
| etic | (outsider) |
| introspection | method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences |
| paranormal | events, like extrasensory perception, that fall outside the boundaries of traditional science |
| Psychology distanced itself from spiritualism by forging a new field: | the psychology of human error and self |
| scientist practitioner gap | divide between psychologists who believe that clinical practice should primarily be a science versus those who believe that clinical practice should be an art |
| Structuralism | aimed to identify the basic elements of psychological experience;Map' the elements of consciousness (sensations, images, feelings) using introspection |
| Two problems of structuralism | 1.Findings lacked reliability 2.Imageless thought |
| Functionalism | aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics (thoughts, feelings, behaviors);Founded by William James |
| Behaviorism | focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking outside the organism to rewards and punishments delivered by the environment;Founded by John B. Watson |
| Black box | their view of the mind: an unknown entity which we need not understand in order to explain behavior |
| Cognitivism | proposes that our thinking (cognition) affects our behavior in powerful ways |
| Psychoanalysis | focuses on internal psychological processes (impulses, thoughts, memories) of which we're unaware;Maintains that our everyday lives are filled with symbols, which psychoanalysts must decode |
| problem of psychoanalysis | unconscious processes are difficult to verify |
| who invented psychoanalysis | sigmund freud |
| Critical Multiplism | approach of using many different methods in concert (surveys, laboratory experiments, real |
| basic research | research examining how the mind works |
| applied research | research examining how we can use basic research to solve real |
| Clinical | assessment, diagnosis, causes and treatment of mental disorders |
| Counseling | work with normal people experiencing temporary or self |
| School | assess schoolchildren's psychological problems and develop intervention programs |
| Developmental | study why and how people change over time |
| Experimental | use sophisticated research methods to study memory, language, and thinking of humans |
| Biopsychologists | examine the physiological basis of behavior in animals and humans |
| Forensic | assess, diagnose, and assist with rehabilitation and treatment of prison inmates |
| Industrial | organizational |
| Evolutionary psychology | applies Darwin's theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior |
| Nature | Nurture |
| Free Will | Determinism |
| Compatibilism | ree will and determinism aren't mutually exclusive |
| Mind | Body Debate: |
| Mind | body monists |
| Mind | body dualists |
| Popular psychology industry | the sprawling network of everyday sources of information about human behavior |
| Naïve Realism | The belief that we see the world precisely as it is |
| Self | help |
| Quick fixes and miracle cures | there are hundreds for increasing intelligence, memory, depression, and even for enhancing our sex lives |
| Science | is an approach to evidence, a toolbox of skills used to prevent us from fooling ourselves |
| Communalism | willingness to share our findings with others |
| Disinterestedness | attempt to be objective when evaluating evidence |
| Confirmation bias | tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis and neglect or distort contradicting evidence |
| Belief perseverance | tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them |
| Pathological skepticism | tendency to dismiss any claims that contradict one's beliefs |
| Disconfirmation bias | tendency to seek out evidence inconsistent with a hypothesis we don't believe, and neglect information consistent with it |
| Oberg's dictum | premise that we should keep our minds open, but not so open that we believe virtually everything |
| Role of authority | we should be unwilling to accept claims on the basis of authority alone |
| Critical thinking | set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open |
| Extraordinary claims | require extraordinary evidence |
| Falsifiability | for a claim to be meaningful, it must be capable of being disproved |
| Occam's Razor | simplest explanation for a given set of data is the best one |
| Replicability | findings must be duplicated, ideally by independent investigators |
| Ruling out rival hypotheses | need to consider alternative hypotheses |
| . Correlation Is Not Causation | Correlation |
| Pseudoscience | set of claims that seems scientific but isn't |
| Metaphysical claims | are unfalsifiable (e.g., God, the soul, or the afterlife: not necessarily wrong, but untestable) |
| Seven Deadly Sins of Pseudoscience | 1. Ad hoc immunizing hypothesis 2. Lack of self |
| rational experimentation | thinking that relies on careful reasoning and objective analysis |
| experimental thinking | thinking that depends on intuitive judgement and emotional reactions |
| Transcendental temptation | desire to alleviate our anxiety by embracing the supernatural |
| Need for wonder | fulfills our intrinsic fascination with the nature of our existence |
| Scientific illiteracy | half of Americans don't know it takes a year for the earth to revolve around the sun; about two |
| Making sense out of nonsense | our brains are preprogrammed to make order out of disorder |
| Brain as interpreter | making sense of the world, but going beyond the information it receives |
| Pareidolia | tendency to perceive meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli (e.g., face on Mars) |
| Apophenia | tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena (coincidence) |
| The Hot Hand | in basketball, once you've made 3 or 4 shots, you're "on a roll," (but no evidence for it) |
| Emotional reasoning fallacy | error of using our emotions to evaluate the validity of the claim |
| Bandwagon fallacy | assuming a claim is correct because many people believe it |
| Either–or fallacy | framing a question as though we can answer it one of two extreme ways |
| Not me fallacy | believing we're immune from thinking errors that afflict others |
| Opportunity cost | we may forfeit other effective treatments due to cost or time of ineffective efforts |
| Animal deaths | related to questionable treatments (e.g., the Black Rhinoceros and Chinese green |
| Facilitated communication | was a "revolutionary" treatment for autism (extraordinary claims) |
| Biklen (1990) thought that autism | was primarily a motor disorder |
| prefrontal lobotomy | surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus |
| who won the nobel prize for prefrontal lobotomy | Egaz Moniz |
| Heuristics | mental shortcuts or rules of thumb |
| Representativeness | "like goes with like" |
| Base rate | how common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population |
| Availability | "off the top of my head";Estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds |
| Hindsight bias | ("I knew it all along") |
| Overconfidence | tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions |
| external validity | extent to which we can generalize our findings to the real world |
| internal validity | extent to which we can draw cause |
| The key to understanding human behavior, according to Sigmund Freud, was to focus on ________ and the ________ level of the human mind. | external factors; conscious |
| What individual is often credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory, thus establishing psychology as an experimental science? | Wilhelm Wundt |
| According to the authors, psychology is a method for | gaining deeper insight into how and why people think and act a certain way. |
| People often experience difficulty in understanding and explaining their own actions because | the brain did not evolve to understand itself. |
| The lasting contribution of the psychological school of thought known as structuralism is | the importance it placed on systematic observation in studying consciousness. |
| With its concern on the adaptive functions provided by the various psychological systems, evolutionary psychology is most like what early psychological school of thought? | Functionalism |
| You are listening in on a discussion among a group of psychology majors. One major says that field will only move forward if we use objective methods for understanding the principles that guide human actions. This statement is most consistent with | behaviorism. |
| When students begin to read through their introductory psychology textbook, they are often surprised to learn that | many of their beliefs about the causes of thoughts and behaviors are incorrect. |
| Psychologists are most frequently found working | at universities and 4 |
| Which of the following ideas is the most compelling evidence against the idea of free will? | People often lack direct access to the causes of their behavior. |
| What psychological school of thought was most concerned with the influence of external factors on an organism's or a person's actions? | Behaviorism |
| Ryan is a therapist who believes that all therapeutic interventions must be based on data supporting their effectiveness and efficacy. However, Jennifer believes that a therapist should focus more on his or her own experience and intuition than toward eva | scientist |
| Psychology was once similar to which of the following disciplines? | Philosophy |
| f you were to do a presentation on "Psychology's Great Debates" you would be very unlikely to make which of the following points? | Research indicates that most people possess a remarkable insight into the underlying cause(s) of their behavior. |
| What American psychologist was one of the first to concern himself with understanding why people often uncritically accepted paranormal claims? | Joseph Jastrow |
| Descartes believed that the existence of only one ________ provided supportive evidence for his belief of mind | body dualism. |
| A classmate tells you the following, "It's not how a teacher answers your question that matters but how you interpret his or her attempt at answering your question that leaves you satisfied or unsatisfied with his or her answer." This statement fits most | cognitivism |
| If a Dr. Hill wanted to know whether Cindi will keep her appointment to meet with him later this afternoon, he would be best advised to consider | whether she has kept previous appointments to meet with him. |
| What early psychologist was most concerned with developing answers to questions about our conscious mental experience? | Wilhelm Wundt |
| While most psychologists would classify themselves as ________ much of their research is discussed by journalists as if the psychologists were ________. | mind |
| The lasting contribution of the psychological school of thought known as structuralism is | the importance it placed on systematic observation in studying consciousness. |
| Suppose you were one of the early graduate students in the newly developed field of psychology. Your mentor is interested in discovering the answers to questions like, "Why is the ability to forget helpful?" "How do emotions assist us in social situations | presentation a useful technique for gaining social rewards?" Your mentor's approach is most consistent with the ________ perspective |
| What early American psychologist yearned to create a periodic table of the elements of consciousness? | Edward Titchener |
| Brandon is an industrial | organizational psychologist who has been hired by a large hotel chain to determine why their turnover rate is so high for their maids. This is an example of ________ research. |
| Which of the following ideas is the most compelling evidence against the idea of free will? | People often lack direct access to the causes of their behavior. |
| Nico is meeting with his academic adviser. He wishes to pursue a career where he'll work to diagnose and treat mental disorders. Nico aspires to be a(n) | clinical psychologist. |
| Imagine that you were a psychology professor lecturing on the nature | nurture debate in 1920. You would have likely emphasized the importance of ________. Now imagine that you are a psychology professor lecturing on the same topic today. You would be likely to emphasize the importance of ________. |
| The flight | or |
| Raoul recently suffered a blow to the top right side of his head. Now when he performs his morning routine he only brushes the right side of his teeth, shaves his right side of the face and combs the right part of his hair. Raoul may be suffering from | contralateral neglect. |
| Evidence against the 10 percent myth (we only use 10% of our brains) comes from | neuroimaging studies, which fail to find any consistently silent areas. |
| All neurons contain | dendrites, cell body, and axon |
| A ________ is a complex arrangement consisting of a gap between the specialized patches of membrane located on the sending and receiving neuron. | synapse |
| Which of the following statements is true? | Few if any complex psychological functions are likely to be confined to a single brain area |
| Monkey Shines, Herman's pet monkey, started to behave like patients with brain damage. He demonstrated a lack of empathy or concern for others. This behavior, seen in patients with brain damage, is known as | acquired sociopathy. |
| Phineas Gage tragically had a tamping iron propelled through his head. Both left and right sides of the prefrontal cortex were severely damaged. As a result of the accident, Phineas Gage | suffered a change in personality. |
| ________ is the creation of new cells in the adult brain. | Neurogenesis |
| Which of the following is NOT true about neurotransmitters? | Neurotransmitters can bind to any receptor site. |
| The ________ regulates and maintains constant internal bodily states by overseeing the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems. | hypothalamus |
| Which of the following statements is NOT true? | Graded potentials always become action potentials. |
| Long | term potentiation refers to |
| arkinson's diseaseis a disorder of movement, in which cells degenerate in the | substantia nigra of the midbrain. |
| he location that uniquely recognizes a neurotransmitter is called a(n) | receptor site |
| According to ________ theory, memories are initially stored at multiple sites. Over time, storage strengthens at some sites, but weakens at others. | multiple trace |
| The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system that plays a role in the relay of sensory information and learning is | glutamate |
| As Joe walks to his car late at night, he hears footsteps behind him. Feeling afraid, Joe grips his keys and quickens his pace. It is likely that Joe's ________ has been activated | amygdala |
| Neurons that send messages to other neurons are called | interneurons. |
| Unlike ________, ________ are usually very thin at their site of origin near the cell body, because this narrowness creates a trigger zone, a site that's easy to activate. | dendrites; axons |
| One theory of infantile autism suggests that ________ may be the cause of the disorder. | inadequate pruning |
| Sophia is brown | haired, blue |
| Isabella is putting mustard on her hot dog. She realizes she has put too much and sucks up some of it back into the squeeze bottle. This process is similar to | reuptake. |
| The ________ speeds up the passage of electrical messages by acting as an insulator of the neuronal signal | myelin sheath |
| Darwin hypothesized that populations of organisms, rather than individuals, change by selective breeding with other organisms possessing some apparent advantage. This is known as | natural selection. |
| The ________ receive information from other neurons and have long extensions | dendrites |
| A functional MRI (fMRI) measures | hanges in the brain's activity levels. |
| Hideki has had difficulty sleeping. His doctor wishes to examine his sleep patterns to determine the cause of Hideki's sleep problems. The doctor will most like perform a(n) | EEG. |
| Owantu let out an ear | piercing scream when he became frightened. He was unable to stimulate those neurons for a brief time after their firing because of the |
| A technique that permits scientists to pinpoint the location of specific brain areas using coordinates is called | the stereotaxic method. |
| All of the following were (are) methods for mapping the brain EXCEPT | fRNA. |
| EEGs are an old method that | is used to study brain activity in schizophrenics. |
| The following studies determine how much genetics contributes to the expression of that trait or disorder EXCEPT | doption studies where adoption agencies frequently place children in homes similar to those of the biological parents. |
| The ________ is the central region of the neuron that manufactures new cell components. | cell body |
| The importance of Penfield's research and others like it lead to the hypothesis that | nerves might use electrical activity to send information. |
| Factors that influence neural regeneration after spinal cord injury include all of the following EXCEPT | ong |
| When a cognitive function relies on one cerebral hemisphere more than the other, this phenomenon is known as | lateralization. |
| Your friend, Sheila, says she is definitely a right | brained person because she excels in her language and art classes but performs miserably in her math classes. You tell her |
| One theory of infantile autism suggests that ________ may be the cause of the disorder. | inadequate pruning |
| The importance of Penfield's research and others like it lead to the hypothesis that | nerves might use electrical activity to send information. |
| he pathways emanating from the RAS activate the cortex by increasing the | signal |
| Evidence against the 10 percent myth (we only use 10% of our brains) comes from | neuroimaging studies, which fail to find any consistently silent areas. |
| The importance of Penfield's research and others like it lead to the hypothesis that | erves might use electrical activity to send information. |
| Rodney wanted to "have his head examined" to determine certain aspects of his personality. To do this he had to go to a | phrenologist. |
| The voltage of | 70 mv is known as the neuron's |
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation | All of the answers are correct |
| A functional MRI (fMRI) measures | changes in the brain's activity levels. |
| What is the danger of relying too much on neuroimaging tests? | We run the risk of assigning narrowly defined functions to brain regions, rather than remembering that most functions are distributed. |
| Owantu let out an ear | piercing scream when he became frightened. He was unable to stimulate those neurons for a brief time after their firing because of the |
| The brain contains approximately | 100 billion neurons |
| Cerebral Cortex | |
| Motor cortex | sends signals to muscles |
| Prefrontal cortex | executive functions |
| Parietal Lobe | perception of space, object shape and orientation, actions of others, numbers;ntegrates vision, touch, motor information |
| Somatosensory cortex | pressure, temperature, pain |
| Temporal Lobe | hearing, language comprehension, autobiographical memories |
| Basal Ganglia | control of voluntary movement; reward related movement |
| Basal Forebrain | activates cortex, attentional functions |
| Midbrain | substantia nigra, superior and inferior colliculi |
| Reticular Activating System (RAS | regulates cortical arousal |
| Hindbrain | between the spinal cord and midbrain |
| Somatic Nervous System | carries messages from the CNS to muscles |
| Limbic system | emotional center of the brain |
| Hypothalamus | maintains internal bodily states by overseeing the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems |
| Amygdala | excitement, arousal, fear, social signals related to emotion |
| Cingulate Cortex | active during emotional expression; knowledge of socially appropriate behavior;regulates autonomic nervous system |
| Hippocampus | spatial memory, fear conditioning |
| Sympathetic division | active during emotional arousal; activates fight |
| Parasympathetic division | active during rest and digestion |
| Pituitary gland | |
| Adrenal glands | release adrenaline and cortisol during physical and psychological stress |
| Cell body | makes proteins, replenishes molecules vital to cell function |
| Dendrites | receiving portion of neuron |
| Synapse | presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes separated by a synaptic cleft |
| Axon | sending portion of neuron |
| Axon terminal | end of axon which contains synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters |
| Glia | support cells of the nervous system;Form myelin sheath covering of axons;Form blood |
| Resting Potential | electrical charge difference ( |
| Graded Potentials | postsynaptic potentials, excitatory or inhibitory, depending on which charged particles flow into/out of the cell |
| Action Potentials | electric impulse that travels down the axon, followed by absolute refractory period |
| Phrenology | early method (1800s) of linking mind and brain |
| Cases of brain damage | studying brain function following damage |
| Localization of function | researchers' attempts to identify the function of each individual brain area |
| lateralization | many cognitive functions rely on one hemisphere more than the other |
| Brain evolution | increases in brain size, relative to body size, over time |
| Behavioral genetics | field which examines the roles of nature and nurture in the origins of traits (e.g., intelligence) |
| Heritability | extent to which genes contribute to differences in a trait among individuals (not within a single person) |
| Neural plasticity | the nervous system's ability to change |
| Stem Cells: | cells that have potential to become a variety of specialized cells |
| The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system is | gamma |
| According to ________ theory, memories are initially stored at multiple sites. Over time, storage strengthens at some sites, but weakens at others. | multiple trace |
| Neurons in virtually every brain area use these neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons. They are | glutamate and GABA. |
| The flight | or |
| Evidence against the 10 percent myth (we only use 10% of our brains) comes from | neuroimaging studies, which fail to find any consistently silent areas. |
| The ________ is sometimes called the emergency center of the body. | adrenal gland |
| obombi had completed about a quarter of the distance in the marathon in which he was a participant. Suddenly, he stumbled and fell. Despite feeling a sharp pain initially, he got up and continued to run until he completed the race. Upon crossing the finis | endorphins |
| According to ________ theory, memories are initially stored at multiple sites. Over time, storage strengthens at some sites, but weakens at others. | multiple trace |
| PNS | connects the CNS to the limbs and organs |
| Corpus callosum | connects the two hemispheres |
| cerebellum | regulates posture and balance; |
| medulla oblongata | site of decussation of pyramids; contains the vital cardiovascular center and medullary rhythmicity center |
| reticular activation system | responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep |
| hypothalamus | controls ANS; produces hormones that regulate endocrine gland function |
| Cingulate Cortex | active during emotional expression;knowledge of socially appropriate behavior;regulates autonomic nervous system |
| Sensation | detection |
| perception | interpretation |
| Transduction | conversion of external energies or substances into a nervous system signal (inhibition or excitation) |
| Sense receptors | transduce specific stimuli |
| Absolute threshold | smallest stimulus energy needed for the nervous system to detect |
| Just noticeable difference | smallest change in intensity of a stimulus that we can detect 50% of the time |
| Signal detection theory | |
| Parallel processing | Can attend to many senses at once;Bottom |
| Perceptual Sets | relationship between a stimulus and its context;Preconceptions, expectations |
| Perceptual Constancy | size, color, shape are consistent across conditions |
| Selective attention | process of focusing on one sensory channel and ignoring others |
| Extrasensory Perception (ESP) | Perceiving events outside of typical sensory channels of seeing, hearing, touch |
| Precognition | predicting events |
| Telepathy | reading minds |
| Clairvoyance | detecting hidden objects or people |
| Iris | opening that modifies the amount of light permitted through the pupil |
| Cornea | refracts light to focus it on back of eye |
| Lens | changes curvature (accommodation) to refract light onto back of eye |
| Retina | membrane at back of eye |
| Rods | low levels of light |
| Cones | high acuity, color vision |
| Gestalt principles | the perception of objects as wholes within a context, not isolated lines and curves |
| Trichromatic theory | color vision is based on our sensitivity to 3 primary colors: blue, green, red |
| Opponent process theory | color vision is a function of complementary, opposing colors: red vs. green or blue vs. yellow |
| Zach and David decide to go exploring the forest behind their farm on a cold December day. The fact that they felt much colder when they initially got outdoors than they do five minutes later, despite having not done anything to warm themselves, is known | sensory adaptation |
| Sarah is a pianist who reports that she hears musical tones as colors. This is one example of | synesthesia. |
| Alicia is talking on her cell phone to her friend Maya. If Maya is in a crowded subway terminal, Alicia finds that she has to nearly shout for Maya to be able to hear her. However, when Maya is in a meadow on her grandparent's farm she can easily tell wha | signal |
| The monocular cue of ________ is being used when an artist places trees in front of riders to create a sense of depth when the picture is viewed. | interposition |
| Our sense of hearing is called | audition |
| The authors mentioned the interesting correlation between natural red hair and lower pain thresholds compared to persons with other natural hair colors. This is most likely to be do to the fact that | genetic factors that impact pain threshold are also somehow related to hair color. |
| uanita is holding her pet cat, Belle. The fact that she is getting information about Belle's weight as she sits on Juanita's lap, the sound of Belle's purrs, and the sight of Belle's eye movements all at the same time is an example of | parallel processing. |
| Researchers investigating the relationship among reported level of pain, use of psychic healing techniques, and belief in psychic phenomena found ________ correlation between use of psychic healing and reported pain and ________ correlation between report | no; a negative |
| Worldwide, the greatest cause of blindness is | cataracts . |
| When taking a picture, photographers attempt to draw people's attention toward a particular image. This is one example of the gestalt principle of | figure |
| The ability to detect physical energy through our visual or touch systems is known as | sensation |
| Matt is considering the purchase of subliminal self | help tapes to aid him in losing weight. His wife Marge is skeptical about this plan and asks your advice. Based on the evidence presented by your authors, what would you say about the effectiveness of subliminal self |
| The conversion of external energy into something that the nervous system can understand is known as | transduction |
| The somatosensory system responds to sensory information about | temperature and pressure. |
| As the number of people talking in a room increases, the stimulus intensity needed to detect a change in the number of people talking becomes | larger. |
| The color of light is what psychologists call | hue |
| The sensory receptors in the ear are found in the | ear cochlea. |
| The fact that our beliefs and expectations often influence our sensory experiences is an example of | top |
| Sarah is a pianist who reports that she hears musical tones as colors. This is one example of | synesthesia. |
| According to the authors, we experience the taste sensation of saltiness | throughout all areas of the tongue; there is no one location for any of the tastes. |
| Rafael has a cold and plugged sinuses. These symptoms are most likely to affect | is enjoyment of the food at the university cafeteria. |
| A common symptom associated with depression is loss of appetite. Research indicates that this occurs because | our taste thresholds are lowered by the neurotransmitters targeted by antidepressant drugs. |
| Stanton is taking chemistry with Ms. Neville and has heard many negative stories about her class from his friends. The fact that his beliefs about Ms. Neville affect his interpretation of his interactions with her during the school year is an example of | top |
| The organization and interpretation of olfactory information is one example of | perception. |
| Which of the following have been used to study depth perception? | Perceptual illusions |
| What discipline within psychology seeks to optimize the interaction between equipment and technology and our human sensory and perceptual abilities? | Human factors |
| What structure is responsible for focusing light at the back of the eye? | lens |
| A major concern about ESP claims is that proponents explain both the positive and negative findings. By explaining the negative findings via the experimenter and decline effects, proponents of ESP are faced with which of the following problems? | A lack of falsifiable research questions |
| Research on human pheromones should have what impact on a person's decision to purchase pheromone | based products to make themselves more attractive and desirable to others? |
| A disorder of the inner ear would be most likely to impact our | equilibrium. |
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