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AP Biology- Unit 1
Finals Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An asteroid that impacted Earth about 66 million years ago is believed to be responsible for_____. | a global catastrophe that may have wiped out the dinosaurs. |
| The study of the distribution of animals and plants around the world is_____. | Biogeography |
| Most fossils_____. | are found in sedimentary layers of rock. |
| According to evolutionary theory, the oldest fossils_____. | are buried deeper in the ground that newer forms. |
| Which scenario would be a modern example of Lamarckianism? | A son is born with a portion of his right index finger missing--the same portion that was severed from his father's hand in an accident. |
| The tailbone of humans is an example of a(n)_____. | vestigial feature |
| Cuvier, an anatomist and paleontologist, proposed that_____. | Earth's history has been marked by several periods when destruction of populations was widespread and that, after each such period, the earth was repopulated. |
| Darwin's exposure to Charles Lyell gave him influence about the_____. | enormous lengths of time period for geologic events. |
| Which idea was influential to Darwin in the formulation of his theory of evolution? | uniformitarianism |
| The most important evidence that Darwin used to develop his theory of natural selection came from_____. | the Galapagos Islands |
| Thomas Malthus proposed that_____. | the population increases faster than the food supply. |
| Which statement does not represent one of Darwin's observations? | All individuals have an equal chance to survive and reproduce. |
| Natural selection results in changes in_____. | populations |
| Darwin's theory states, in part, that individuals with certain traits have an increased competitive edge. What is the source of these traits? | inheritance |
| The operation of natural selection depends upon the fact that_____. | some individuals have a better chance to produce more offspring. |
| The process of fossilization typically begins when an organism or traces of it_____. | become covered with sediments, mud, or ash. |
| The idea that geologic processes have formed Earth's surface by repeating the same actions over and over is known as_____. | the theory of uniformity |
| What is the term for a group of organisms of the same species that occupies a specified area? | Population |
| Three of the following four events shuffles existing alleles into different combinations in sexually reproducing organisms. Which one is the exception? a.) changes in chromosomes number b.) mutation c.) independent assortment of chromosomes d.) crossi | B.) mutation |
| T/F: All mutations are transmitted to the next generation | FALSE |
| GENETIC EQUILIBRIUM | GENETIC EQUILIBRIUM |
| If the frequency of a recessive gene in a population in genetic equilibrium is 40 percent in the next generation. The frequency of that gene would be_____. | 40 percent |
| If the frequency of expression of a recessive trait in a population is 16 percent, the frequency of the recessive allele is what percent? | 40 percent |
| Which individuals will be LEAST favored when selection pressure acting on a population result in stabilizing selection? | extreme individuals at both ends of the range of variation |
| When the rodenticide warfarin was first introduced, rats were very susceptible to it. The development of resistance to warfarin by rats was the result of what | natural selection of individuals that expressed genes for resistance |
| Disruptive selection occurs when | the extremes of the population have a better chance to survive |
| STUDY STABILIZING SELECTION DIRECTIONAL SELECTION DISRUPTIVE SELECTION SEXUAL SELECTION | STUDY STABILIZING SELECTION DIRECTIONAL SELECTION DISRUPTIVE SELECTION SEXUAL SELECTION |
| The persistence of the sickle-cell anemia allele in some African populations is the result of_____. | the advantage of the heterozygous form over the homozygous forms |
| The sharp reduction of the gene pool and the numbers of a population through a severe epidemic is an example of_____. | the bottleneck effect |
| When a population goes through a bottleneck,_____. | genetic drift is likely to occur. |
| Gene flow_____. | has a homogenizing influence between two populations |
| What is a type of postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanism? | hybrid sterility |
| CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIES | CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIES |
| Speciation occurs_____. | after populations become reproductively isolated. |
| Allopatric speciation requires_____. | physical separation |
| Speciation caused by a change in the course of a river is an example of_____ speciation. | allopatric |
| HONEYCREEPERS IN HAWAII | HONEYCREEPERS IN HAWAII |
| CLADE | CLADE |
| _____ is the study of body plans and structures among groups of organisms | Comparative morphology |
| Which organism are considered most primitive based upon the structure of their limbs? | reptiles |
| For the clade of winged organisms, which of the following would be considered the outgroup? a.) insects b.) bat c.) eagle d.) penguin | D.) Penguin |
| Which of the following are examples of homologous structures? a.) whale flipper and cat leg b.) human eye and octopus eye c.) bird and insect wings d.) body shape of sharks and dolphins | b.) human eye and octopus eye |
| Which of the following serve as examples of morphological convergence? a.) sharks, penguins and porpoises b.) panthers and tigers c.) apes and monkeys d.) sharks, skates, and rays | a.) sharks, penguins, and porpoises |
| Changes in an organism's genome that have no effect on an individual's survival or reproduction are called_____. a.) amino acid substitutions b.) deleterious mutations c.) Hox genes d.) neutral mutations | d.) neutral mutations |
| The comparison of embryos across species reveals the conservative nature of the genes responsible for_____. a.) food procurement b.) reproductive behavior c.) embryonic development d.) embryonic size | c.) embryonic development |
| The study of life's origins and distribution in the universe is called | astrobiology |
| The "big bang" refers to | an event making the beginning of the universe. |
| According to evolution, three of the following were likely in Earth's earliest atmosphere. Which one was not? a.) hydrogen b.) methane c.) oxygen d.) carbon dioxide | c.) oxygen |
| 49.) STANLEY MILLER | 49.) STANLEY MILLER |
| The formation of amino acids under abiotic conditions was important because they serve as______. | a supply of structural units for proteins |
| A hypothesis currently getting a lot of attention converning the origin of biological molecules is that they originated______. | near hydrothermal oceanic vents |
| According to evolutionary theory, chemical evolution started on Earth_____. (when) | long before any cells emerged. |
| Protocells statement. Which one is false? a.) they are simple membrane-bound sacs b.) they contain DNA c.) they are able to engage in metabolism d.) they are able to reproduce | b.) they contain DNA |
| Which step in the evolution of life is the most complex and probably occurred last? | formation of membrane-bound proto-cells |
| According to evolutionary theory, the first cells were_____. | anaerobic |
| The accumulation of free oxygen in the atmosphere_____. | was a result of the accumulation of a byproduct of a type of photosynthesis |
| The _____ hypothesis states that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria. | endosymbiont |
| Chloroplasts____. | resemble photosynthetic bacteria |
| Based on what we know today, what is the best explanation for why the emu, ostrich, and rhea are so similar despite being geographically separated? | They are so similar because they evolved from a common ancestor. Using comparative morphology, we can tell that they have homologous structures from that common ancestor. After being geographically separated, they speciated because of natural selection. T |
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