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AP Biology- Unit 2
Finals Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the primary reason for the occurrence of mercury in the human body? | Consumption of seafood |
| What is the smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element? | Atom |
| Which substance is not an element? | Water |
| The atomic number of an atom refers to its_____. | number of protons |
| Isotopes of atoms_____. | Have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. |
| Which subatomic particles have a negative charge? | Electrons only |
| The mass number of an atom is determined by the combined masses of its_____. | neutrons and protons |
| Which atom is depicted in the accompanying figure? (Shell model with 11 electrons) | Sodium |
| Which atom is depicted in the accompanying figure? (Shell model with 6 electrons) | Carbon |
| Atoms with a(n)_____ are more likely to form chemical bonds. | unfilled outer orbital shell |
| Atoms become_____in order to achieve a full outer orbital shell. | ions |
| Sodium Chloride is an example of a(n)_____. | compound |
| Which statement is false? a.) a molecule must be made of at least two atoms b.) compounds are made of elements c.) two atoms of oxygen make a molecule of oxygen d.) chemical bonds form between molecules of solute and solvent | D.) chemical bonds form between molecules of solute and solvent |
| The bond in table salt (NaCl) is_____. | ionic |
| In covalent bonds,_____. | atoms share electrons |
| Hydrogen bonds | A hydrogen bond is an electrostatic attraction between two polar groups that occurs when a hydrogen atom covalently bound to a highly electro negative atom such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine experiences |
| Water is important to the interactions of biological molecules because it_____. | promotes hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions. |
| The most likely reason that glucose dissolves in water is that it is_____. | polar and forms many hydrogen bonds wiwth the water molecules |
| The solvent, cohesive, and temperature stabilization properties of water are primarily due to its_____. | hydrogen bonds |
| The column of water extending in tubes from plant roots to leaves is maintained by_____. | cohesion between water molecules |
| When exposed to water, sodium chloride (NaCl)_____. | dissolved into Na+ and Cl- ions |
| "Acidic" is an appropriate description for four of the following. which one is the exception? a.) excess hydrogen ions b.) the contents of the stomach c.) magnesium hydroxide d.) HCl e.) a pH less than 7 | C.) Magnesium hydroxide |
| Blood pH is keppt near a value of 7.3-7.5 becausee of_____. | buffers |
| Fats are major constituents of_______. | cell membranes |
| Typical fat molecules have_____ fatty acid chain(s). | three |
| A single atom of carbon may form up to_____ covalent bonds with other atoms. | four |
| A hydrolysis reaction results in_____. | bond breakage of macromolecule |
| An -OH group is a(n) _____ group. | hydroxyl |
| An -NH2 group is a(n)_____group. | amine |
| STUDY 30 ON TEST | STUDY 30 ON TEST |
| What kind of reaction produces small molecules by cleaving large molecules? | hydrolysis |
| Which of the following may characterize monosaccharides? | one carbonyl group |
| Fructose and glucose are both_____. | monosaccharides and six-carbon sugars |
| Disaccharides include_____. | both sucrose and lactose |
| The sugars in DNA and RNA_____. | are monosaccharides |
| Glycogen is a polysaccharide used for energy storage by_____. | animals |
| Cellulose is_____. | a polysaccharide found in cell walls of plants. |
| Which lipid type does not have fatty acid tails? | steroids |
| STUDY 39 ON TEST | STUDY 39 ON TEST |
| What type of molecule is shown in the above figure? | double covalent bonds |
| Lipids_____. | include fats consisting of three fatty-acid molecules and one glycerol molecule. |
| The order of amino acids is the_____structure or proteins. | primary |
| What kind of bonds link amino acids to form the basic sequence of a protein? | peptide |
| What may be a result of the denaturation of proteins? | loss of the three-dimensional structure |
| Which of the following is found in every nucleotide? a.) ribose b.) a single phosphate group c.) a single carbon ring d.) nitrogen | D.) nitrogen |
| Which molecule is incorrectly matched with its monomer? | starch; ribose |
| When a cell expands in diameter, volume increases by the_____ of the diameter, and a surface area increases by the_____ of the diameter. | cube;square |
| Although Earth's ecosystems are remarkably diverse in their characteristics, they all run on energy capture by_____. | autotrophs |
| Proper order from primary producer to fourth trophic level? | grass-> grasshoper-> bird-> cayote |
| A network of interactions that involves the cycling of materials and the flow of energy among organisms and their physical environment is_____. | an ecosystem |
| Energy_____ in an ecosystem and nutrients______. | flows one way; are cycled continuously |
| Which gas is increasing the most in the atmosphere, thereby intensifying the greenhouse effect? | carbon dioxide |
| Nitrification | converts ammonium into nitrates |
| Denitrification | converts nitrates to nitrogen gas |
| The major reservoir of phosphorus is | sedimentary rock |
| In a_____, water or some nutrient moves from an environmental reservoir, through organisms, then back t o the environment. | biogeochemical cycle |
| In biology, many complimentary processes exist. Explain how condensation reactions are complementary to hydrolysis reactions. | |
| How are cellulose and starch similar and how do they differ? | |
| Describe the structure of phospholipids and how this allows them to dorm cell membranes? |
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djcasenas