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AP Unit 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychological Disorder | A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour. |
| Deviant | Ongoing patterns of behaviour that are differentfrom those of most other people in your culture. |
| Distressful | Socially unusual behaviour that is personally distressful. Behaviours that are maladaptive. |
| Dysfunctional | Ongoing patterns of behaviour that interfere with normal day-to-day life. |
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | A disorder characterized by inattention, distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that is a consequence of genetic influences. Individuals diagnosed experience a normal but delayed thinning of the frontal cerebral cortex. |
| Trepanation | Involved drilling holes in the skull. This greatest shortcoming is associated with psychological disorders in terms of demonic possessions which led to harsh an ineffective remedial treatments |
| Medical Model | The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and most often cured often through treatment in a hospital. |
| DSM-5 | Used in order to identify various psychological disorders. To facilitate diagnostic reliability, bases diagnoses on observable patterns of behaviour, does not explain the causes of the various psychological disorders. |
| Diagnostic Labels | Facilitates the ability of mental health professionals to quickly communicate the characteristics of their patients’ complex symptoms. Labeling psychologically disordered behaviours is criticized because labels often bias our perceptions of the person. |
| David Rosenhan | Researchers were admitted as patients into various mental hospitals after they falsely claimed to be “hearing voices”. This study illustrated the negative effects of diagnostic labels |
| Rates of Psychological Disorders | 26% of adult Americans had suffered a clinical disorder. The US had the highest prevalence of mental disorders. Immigrants to the US are more likely to develop symptoms of mental illness. The stresses of poverty are likely to cause depression in women. |
| Anxiety Disorders | Maladaptive behaviours that reduce worry and fear. Anxiety is considered disordered if it is persistent and distressing. |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | A disorder characterized by a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal. GAD is often accompanied by depression. Freud suggested that for those suffering a generalized anxiety disorder, the anxiety is free-floating. |
| Panic Disorder | Episodes of intense dread that last for several minutes in which a person experiences terror and chest pain, choking, or frightening sensations. Followed by worry over another attack. Are associated with anxiety disorders. |
| Phobias | A persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. Incapacitating efforts to avoid specific anxiety producing situation is indicative of certain phobias. |
| Social Anxiety Disorder | Intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. An incapacitating and highly distressing fear about being embarrassed in the presence of others. |
| Agoraphobia | Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic. Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult. A person with this is most likely to stay close to home. |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). |
| Compulsions | Repetitive behaviours. |
| Obsessions | Offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person. |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks + after a traumatic experience. Some are more vulnerable because of a sensitive limbic system. |
| Post-Traumatic Growth | Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises. Traumatic events can also lead to increased personal strength and resiliency. |
| Psychoanalytic Perspective (Anxiety) | Anxiety is sometimes produced by submerged mental energy associated with repressed impulses. |
| Learning Perspective (Anxiety) | Anxiety is the result of classical conditioning and observational learning. Individuals may make present day associations with past traumatic experiences and may develop fears by observing others’ fearful responses. |
| Biological Perspective (Anxiety) | Easy to condition, hard to extinguish fears of stimuli that threaten ancestors. Anxiety gene affects brain’s serotonin. Anterior cingulate cortex seems hyperactive in those with OCD. Fear-learning traumatizes brain. Creates fear circuits within amygdala. |
| Mood Disorders | Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder. |
| Major Depressive Disorder | A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two + weeks with five + symptoms, at least 1 of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Feelings of worthlessness. |
| Depression | Number one reason people seek mental health services. “The common cold” of psychological disorders. |
| Symptoms of Depression | Depressed mood, Diminished interest, Weight loss or gain, Insomnia or oversleeping, Physical agitation or lethargy, Fatigue, Feeling worthless or excessive inappropriate guilt, Problems concentrating or making decisions, Thoughts of death or suicide. |
| Bipolar Disorder | A mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. People alternate between states of lethargic hopelessness and unrealistic optimism. |
| Mania | A disorder in which an individual is overexcited, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic. Associated with bipolar disorder. |
| Psychoanalytic Perspective (Depression) | Suggests that depression is a reaction to loss and the internalization of anger. |
| Biological Perspective (Depression) | To identify genes that put people at risk for depression, researchers have used linkage analysis. Severely depressed individuals show reduced brain activity in the left frontal lobe. Low norepinephrine and serotonin levels. |
| Social-Cognitive Perspective (Depression) | Emphasizes that depression is perpetuated by self-blaming attributions and increased expectations of negative outcomes. Internal, stable, and global explanations of one’s own failures are indicative of pessimism. Helplessness associated with depression. |
| Suicide | The risk of suicide is greatest when people begin to rebound from depression. Those who abuse alcohol and who are depressed have a higher risk or committing suicide. Of those who talk of suicide, most actually attempt it. Only few succeed. |
| Non-Suicidal Self-Injury | Behaviours such as burning and cutting the skin, hitting oneself, pulling hair out, inserting objects under the nails or skin, and self administered tattooing. Groups that are most likely to hurt themselves through NSSI are adolescents and young adults. |
| Schizophrenia | A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and fragmented thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. A breakdown in selective attention and the flat affect (catatonia) are symptoms related to schizophrenia. |
| Psychosis | A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions. |
| Hallucinations | Hearing or seeing things that are not there. The hallucinations experienced by those who suffer from schizophrenia are most likely to involve hearing things that are not there. |
| Delusions | False beliefs of persecution. |
| Positive Symptoms | Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the presence of inappropriate behaviours. Positive symptoms include: Hallucinations, Loud and meaningless talking, Inappropriate laughter, Outbursts of rage, Feelings of supreme importance and paranoia. |
| Negative Symptoms | Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are the absence of appropriate behaviours. Negative symptoms include: An expressionless face, A lack of guilt feelings, Flat affect. |
| Acute Schizophrenia | Also known as reactive schizophrenia. Schizophrenia that develops rapidly, seemingly as a reaction to stress. People with reactive schizophrenia more often to have the positive symptoms that respond to drug therapy. More likely to recover. |
| Chronic Schizophrenia | Also known as process schizophrenia. Schizophrenia that develops gradually over a long period of time. People are less likely to recover from process schzophrenia. |
| Biological Perspective and Schizophrenia (Brain Abnormalities) | Associated with an excess of dopamine. Dopamine over-activity relates to hallucinations. Glutamate receptors produce flat affect. Vigorous activity in thalamus relates to hearing voices. Fluid-filled areas in brain are abnormally large, Thalamus is small. |
| Biological Perspective and Schizophrenia (Genetic Factors) | Low birth rate is a known risk factor for schizophrenia. North Americans born during the Winter and Spring months (after the fall-winter flu season) are at a slightly increased risk for schizophrenia. |
| Psychological Factors and Schizophrenia | A short attention span and/or poor muscle coordination is an early warning sign of schizophrenia. Those who develop schizophrenia displayed a tendency to be socially withdrawn prior to the onset of the disorder. |
| Somatic Symptom Disorder | A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. |
| Conversion Disorder | A disorder characterized by very specific physical symptoms that have no apparent physiological basis. |
| Illness Anxiety Disorder | Formerly called hypochondriasis. A disorder characterized by the misinterpretation of normal physical sensations as symptoms of a dreaded disease. |
| Dissociative Disorders | Disorders that are characterized by disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity. The major characteristic of dissociative disorders is a disturbance of memory. |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder | A disorder characterized by a massive dissociation of self from ordinary consciousness. Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of dissociative identity disorder. |
| Biological Perspective and Dissociative Disorders | Evidence that dissociative identity disorder is not simply a product of conscious role-playing is provided by the distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities. |
| Nicholas Spanos | The psychologist who questioned whether DID is a genuine disorder. |
| Psychoanalytic Perspective and Dissociative Disorders | Symptoms of this disorder involves role-playing. Triggered by the suggestions and questions of therapists. The desperate efforts of traumatized victims to detach themselves from the experience of severe and prolonged abuse may contribute to DID. |
| Anorexia Nervosa | An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweight. Characterized by an obsessive fear of becoming obese. |
| Bulimia Nervosa | An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating(usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), excessive exercise, or fasting. Characterized by episodes of overeating followed by vomiting. |
| Binge-Eating Disorder | Binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa. Characterized by spurts of excessive overeating followed by remorse. |
| Socio-Cultural Perspective and Eating Disorders | The families of bulimia patients have a higher than usual incidence of childhood obesity. Anorexia patients are most likely to have parents who are high-achieving and protective. Discounted sexual abuse. Is not only a women's illness. |
| Biological Perspective and Eating Disorders | Identical twins are more likely to share the disorder than fraternal twins. More vulnerable to anorexia nervosa are those who live in cultures that idealize thin bodies. Eating disorders are influenced by the media. |
| Personality Disorders | Inflexible and enduring socially maladaptive behaviour patterns that impair social functioning. The distinctive features used to identify the three clusters of personality disorders are: Anxiety, Eccentricity and Impulsivity |
| Histrionic Personality Disorder | One cluster of personality disorders marked by dramatic or impulsive behaviours. Most likely to display dramatic, attention-getting behaviours. |
| Avoidant Personality Disorder | One cluster of personality disorders marked by anxiety. Most likely to display a fear of social rejection. |
| Schizoid Personality Disorder | One cluster of personality disorders marked by noticeably odd or eccentric behaviour. Most likely to be characterized by a detachment from social relationships. |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | Characterized by a lack of guilt feelings and conscious. The term psychopath refers to someone with antisocial personality disorder. Which is more common among men. The symptoms of APD are likely to appear at an earlier age than schizophrenia symptoms. |
| Biological Perspective and Personality Disorders | Low levels of adrenaline in 13 year old boys who later were convicted of a crime at 18-26. Low level of autonomic nervous system arousal may relate to APD. Reduced self control relates to reduced brain activity in frontal lobes. |
Created by:
Chelsizzle