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chapter 9
anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a joint or articulation? | place of contact between bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth |
| Where do bones articulate with each other? | at a joint |
| What is arthrology? | the scientific study of joints |
| How are joints classified ? | by their structural characteristics and the movement they allow |
| Describe a fibrous joint: | has no joint cavity and occurs where bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue |
| Describe a cartilaginous joint: | has no joint cavity and occurs where bones are joined by cartilage |
| Describe a synovial joint: | has a fluid-filled joint cavity that separates the articulating surfaces of the bones |
| What is a synarthroses joint? | is an immobile joint; two types of fibrous joints and one type of cartilaginous joints are synarthroses |
| What is an amphiarthrosis joint? | is a slightly mobile joint; one type of fibrous joint and one type of cartilaginous joint are amphiathroses |
| What is a diathrosis joint? | a freely movable joint, all synovial joints are Diathroses |
| What does the structure of each joint determine? | the mobility and its stability |
| When the mobility of a joint increases, the stability (increases, decreases). | decreases |
| What are some examples of fibrous joints? | articulations of the teeth in their sockets, sutures between the skull bones, and the articulations between either the radius and ulna or the tibia and fibula |
| What are three common types of fibrous joints? | gomphoses, sutures, and syndesmoses |
| What is a gomphoses? | resembles a "peg in a socket" |
| Where are the only gomphoses in the human body? | articulations of the roots of individual teeth with the alveolar processes of the mandible and the maxillae |
| How is a tooth held firmly in place? | by fibrous periodontal membranes |
| What are sutures? | immobile fibrous joints that are found only between certain bones of the skull, they have distinct, interlocking, usually irregular edges that both increase their strength and decrease the number of fractures at these artiulations |
| In addition to joining bones, what else do sutures do? | they permit the skull to grow as the brain increases in size during childhood |
| In adulthood, what happens to the sutures of the skull bones? | they become ossified, fusing the skull bones together |
| What are synostoses? | when the skull bones have completely fused across the suture line |
| What are syndesmoses? | fibrous joints in which articulating bones are joined by long strands of dense regular connective tissue only |
| Where are syndesmoses found? | between the radius and ulna and between the tibia and fibula |
| What are interosseous membranes? | broad ligamentous sheet that the shafts of the radius/ulna, tibia/fibula are bound by |
| What type of cartilage is found between the articulating bones of cartilaginous joints? | hyaline or fibrocartilage |
| What is costochondritis? | inflammation and irritation of the costochondral joints, resulting in localized chest pain |
| What is synchondrosis? | an articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage |
| What are synovial joints? | freely mobile articulations separated by a joint cavity |
| What are all synovial joints classified as? | Diathroses because they are freely mobile |
| What are the basic features of all synovial joints? | articular capsule, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, ligaments nerves, and blood vessels |
| What is synovial fluid? | viscous, oily substance located within a synovial joint |
| What are the three functions of the synovial fluid? | lubricate the articular cartilage on the surface of articulating bones, nourishes the articular cartilages chondrocytes, and act as a shock absorber |
| What are ligaments? | composed of dense regular connective tissue, and they connect one bone to another bone |
| What are the functions of ligaments? | stabilize, strengthen, and reinforce most synovial joints |
| What are extrinsic ligaments? | they are outside of, and physically separate rom the joint capsule |
| What are intrinsic ligaments? | represent thickenings of the articular capsule itself |
| What are tendons? | composed of dense regular connective tissue but they are not part of the synovial joint itself |
| Tendons attach what to bone? | muscle |
| What is a bursa? | a fibrous, saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined internally by a synovial membrane |
| What is the function of fat pads? | to act as protection for the joint |
| What is a uniaxial joint? | if the bones moves in just one plane or axes |
| What is a biaxial joint? | if the bone moves in two planes or axes |
| What is a multiaxial joint | if the bone moves in multiple planes or axes |
| Name the six types of synovial joints from least mobile to most freely mobile: | plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints and ball and socket joints |
| What is a plane joint? | the simplest synovial articulation and the least mobile type of diathrosis. |
| What is an example of a plane joint? | intercarpals and intertarsals |
| What is a hinge joint? | formed by the cortex surface of one articulating bone fitting into a concave depression on the other bone in the joint, the movement is confined to a single axis |
| What is an example of a hinge joint? | elbow |
| What is a pivot joint? | uniaxial joint in which one articulating bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone |
| What is an example of a pivot joint? | proximal radio ulnar joint |
| What are condylar joints? | biaxial joints with an oval, convex surface on one bone that articulates with a concave articular surface on the second bone of the joint |
| What is an example of a condylar joint? | metacarpophalangeal joints |
| What are saddle joints? | biaxial joint |
| What is an example of a saddle joint? | carpometacarpal joint |
| What are ball and socket joints? | multiaxial joint |
| What is an example of a ball and socket joint? | hip or glenohumeral joint aka shoulder joint |
| What is biomechanics? | the practice of applying mechanical principles to biology |
| What is a level? | an elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point |
| What is a fulcrum? | the fixed point that the level rotates around |
| What is an example of a level? | seesaw |
| What is the function of a lever? | alter or change the speed and distance of movement produced by a force, the direction of an applied force, and the force strength |
| When does movement occur? | when an effort applied to one point on the lever exceeds a resistance located at some other point |
| What is the effort arm? | the part of a level from the fulcrum to the point of effort |
| What is the resistance arm? | the lever part from the fulcrum to the point of resistance |
| In the body, what is an example of a lever? | long bone |
| In the body, what is an example of a fulcrum? | joint |
| In the body, what is an example of the effort? | generated by a muscle attached to the bone |
| What is the first-class lever? | in which a fulcrum in the middle, between the effort and the resistance |
| What is an example of a first class lever? | pair of scissors. |
| What is the second-class lever? | between the fulcrum and the applied effort |
| What is an example of a second-class lever? | lifting the handles of a wheelbarrow |
| What is a third-class lever? | when the effort is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum |
| What is an example of a third-class lever? | elbow |
| What levers are the most common in the body? | third-class |
| What is gliding? | a simple movement in which two opposing surfaces slide slightly back-and-forth or side-to-side with respect to one another |
| In a gliding motion, the angle between the bones (does, does not)change, and only limited movement is possible in any direction. | does not |
| Where does gliding motion typically occur? | along plane joints e.g., carpals or tarsals |
| What is the angular motion? | either decreases or increases the angle between two bones |
| What is flexion? | movement in an anterior-posterior (AP) plane of the body that decreases the angle between the bones |
| What is extension? | movement in an anterior-posterior (AP) plane of the body that increases the angle between the articulating bones |
| What is hyperextension? | when a joint is extended more than 180 degrees |
| When does lateral flexion occur? | when the trunk of the body moves in a coronal plane laterally away from the body |
| What is abduction? | means to "move away" and it is lateral movement of a body part away from the body midline |
| What is adduction? | means to "move toward" and it is medial movement of a body part toward the body midline |
| What is circumduction? | a sequence of movements in which the proximal end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion |
| What is rotation? | the pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own longitudinal axis |
| What is lateral rotation? | turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerus laterally |
| What is medial rotation? | turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerus medially |
| What is pronation? | the medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand is directed posteriorly or inferiorly (the radius and ulna cross like an x) |
| What is supination? | occurs when the forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly and the radius and ulna are parallel |
| What is a depression? | the inferior movement of a part of the body |
| What is an elevation? | is the superior movement of a body part |
| What is an example of depression? | movement of the mandible while opening the mouth to chew food and the movement of your shoulders in an inferior direction |
| What is an example of elevation? | superior movement of the mandible while closing the mouth and the movement of the shoulder in a superior direction (shrugging your shoulders) |
| What is dorsiflexion? | occurs when the talocrural joint is bent such that the dorsum of the foot and the toes moves toward the leg |
| What is plantar flexion? | is a movement of the foot at the talocrural joint so that the toes point inferiorly |
| What is an example of plantar flexion? | when a ballerina stands on her toes |
| What is eversion? | the sole of the foot turns to face laterally |
| What is inversion? | the sole of the foot turns to face medially |
| What is protraction? | anterior movement of a body part from anatomic position, as when jutting your jaw anteriorly at the temporomandibular joint or hunching the shoulders anteriorly by crossing the arms |
| What is retraction? | is the posteriorly directed movement of a body part rom the anatomic position |
| What is opposition? | at the carpometacarpal joint, the thumb moves toward the palmar tips of the fingers as it crosses the palm of the hand |
| What is reposition? | It enables the hand to grasp objects and is the most distinctive digital movement in humans |
| What are the temporomandibular joints of the skull? | the shoulder joint and elbow joint, and the hip joint, knee joint, and talocrural joint |
| What is the temporomandibular joint? | the articulation formed at the point where the head of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone; specifically, the articular tubercle of the temporal bone anteriorly and the mandibular fossa posteriorly |
| What is a articular disc? | a thick pad of fibrocartilage separating the articulating bones and extending horizontally to divide the synovial cavity into two separate chambers |
| What is the sphenomandibular ligament? | a thin band that extends anteriorly and inferiorly from the sphenoid to the medial surface of the mandibular ramus |
| What is the temporomandibular ligament? | composed of two short bands that extend inferiorly and posteriorly from the articular tubercle of the temporal bone to the mandible |
| What are the joints that associated with movement at the shoulder? | the sternoclavicular joint, the acrmioclavicular joint, and the glenohumeral joint |
| What is the sternoclavicular joint? | a saddle joint formed by the articulation between the manubrium of the sternum and the sternal end of the clavicle |
| What is the acromioclavicular joint? | a plane joint between the acromion of the scapula and the lateral end of the clavicle |
| What joint permits the greatest range of motion? | glenohumeral joint |
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