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AP_Unit 12
Abnormal Behaviour
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychological Disorder | A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour. |
| Deviant | Ongoing patterns of behaviour that are different from those of most other people in your culture. |
| Distressful | Socially unusual behaviour that is personally distressful. Behaviours that are maladaptive. |
| Dysfunctional | Ongoing patterns of behaviour that interfere with normal day-to-day life. |
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | A disorder characterized by inattention, distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that is a consequence of genetic influences. Experience a normal but delayed thinning of the frontal cerebral cortex. |
| History and Psychological Disorders | The greatest shortcoming associated with explanations of psychological disorders in terms of demonic possession is that these explanations led to some harsh and ineffective remedial treatments. |
| Medical Model | The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and most often cured often through treatment in a hospital. Criticized for neglecting social circumstances and psychological factors. |
| DSM-5 | Used in order to identify various psychological disorders. To facilitate diagnostic reliability, the DSM-5 bases diagnoses on observable patterns of behaviour. The DSM-5 does not explain the causes of the various psychological disorders. |
| Diagnostic Labels | Facilitates the ability of mental health professionals to quickly communicate the characteristics of their patients’ complex symptoms. Criticized because labels often bias our perceptions of the labeled person. |
| David Rosenhan | Researchers were admitted as patients into various mental hospitals after they falsely claimed to be “hearing voices”. This study illustrated the negative effects of diagnostic labels. |
| Anxiety Disorders | Maladaptive behaviours that reduce worry and fear. Anxiety is considered disordered if it is persistent and distressing. |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | A disorder characterized by a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal. GAD is often accompanied by depression. |
| Panic Disorder | Episodes of intense dread that last for several minutes in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over another possible attack. |
| Phobias | A persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. Incapacitating efforts to avoid specific anxiety-producing situation is indicative of certain phobias. |
| Social Anxiety Disorder | Intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. An incapacitating and highly distressing fear about being embarrassed in the presence of others. |
| Agoraphobia | Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic. Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult. Most likely to stay close to home. |
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). |
| Compulsions | Repetitive behaviours. |
| Obsessions | Offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person. |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. |
| Post-Traumatic Growth | Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises. Although experiencing severely traumatic events may lead to PTSD, it is also likely to lead to increased personal strength and resiliency. |
| Psychoanalytic Perspective (Anxiety) | Anxiety is sometimes produced by submerged mental energy associated with repressed impulses. |
| Learning Perspective (Anxiety) | Anxiety is the result of classical conditioning and observational learning. Individuals may make present day associations with past traumatic experiences and may develop fears by observing others’ fearful responses. |
| Biological Perspective (Anxiety) | It is easy to condition but hard to extinguish fears of the types of stimuli that threaten our ancestors. Compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviours that contributed to the survival of the human species. |
| Mood Disorders | Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder. |
| Major Depressive Disorder | A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. |
| Bipolar Disorder | A mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. |
| Mania | A disorder in which an individual is overexcited, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic. |
| Psychoanalytic Perspective (Depression) | Suggests that depression is a reaction to loss and the internalization of anger. |
| Biological Perspective (Depression) | Severely depressed individuals show reduced brain activity in the left frontal lobe. In terms of neurotransmitter levels, depression is associated with low norepinephrine and serotonin levels. |
| Social-Cultural Perspective (Depression) | Emphasizes that depression is perpetuated by self-blaming attributions and increased expectations of negative outcomes. |
| Suicide | The risk of suicide is greatest when people begin to rebound from depression. Compared with the general population, those who have been depressed have a higher risk of committing suicide. |
| Non-Suicidal Self-Injury | Behaviours such as burning and cutting the skin, hitting oneself, pulling hair out, inserting objects under the nails or skin, and self-administered tattooing. |
| Schizophrenia | A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and fragmented thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. |
| Psychosis | A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions. |
| Halluncinations | Hearing or seeing things that are not there. Experienced by those who suffer from schizophrenia are most likely to involve hearing things that are not there. |
| Delusions | False beliefs of persecution. |
| Positive Symptoms | Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the presence of inappropriate behaviours. Include: hallucinations, loud and meaningless talking, inappropriate laughter, uncontrollable outbursts of rage, and feelings of supreme importance and paranoia. |
| Negative Symptoms | Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are the absence of appropriate behaviours. Include: an expressionless face, a lack of guilt feelings, and flat affect. |
| Acute Schizophrenia | Schizophrenia that develops rapidly, seemingly as a reaction to stress. People with reactive schizophrenia more often have the positive symptoms that respond to drug therapy. People are more likely to recover from reactive schizophrenia. |
| Chronic Schizophrenia | Also known as process schizophrenia. Schizophrenia that develops gradually over a long period of time. People are less likely to recover from process schizophrenia. |
| Schizophrenia (Brain Abnormalities) | Associated with an excess of receptors for dopamine; drugs that interfere with glutamate receptors produce the flat affect; activity in the thalamus associated with hearing voices; fluid-filled areas of the brain are abnormally large. |
| Schizophrenia (Infections) | Prenatal viral infections contribute to schizophrenia; low birth weight is a known risk factor for schizophrenia; born during the winter and spring months (after the fall-winter flu season) are at a slightly increased risk for schizophrenia. |
| Schizophrenia (Genetics) | A genetic predisposition to schizophrenia; if identical twins share a single placenta rather than having separate placentas, their chances of being similarly affected by schizophrenia are dramatically increased. |
| Warning Signs of Schizophrenia | A short attention span and/or poor muscle coordination; a tendency to be socially withdrawn prior to the onset of the disorder. |
| Somatic Symptom Disorder | A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. |
| Conversion Disorder | A disorder characterized by very specific physical symptoms that have no apparent physiological basis; experiencing physical symptoms, such as blindness or paralysis, that make no physiological sense. |
| Illness Anxiety Disorder | Formerly called hypochondriasis. A disorder characterized by the misinterpretation of normal physical sensations as symptoms of a dreaded disease. |
| Dissociative Disorders | Disorders that are characterized by disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity. The major characteristic is a disturbance of memory. |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder | A disorder characterized by a massive dissociation of self from ordinary consciousness. Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom. |
| Dissociative Disorders (Biological Perspective) | Distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities |
| Dissociative Disorders (Role-Playing) | Information learned by the secondary personality influences the moods and behaviours of the primary personality. The same life memories are consciously experienced by all alternate personalities. |
| Dissociative Disorders (Psychoanalytic Perspective) | Suggests that the desperate efforts of traumatized victims to detach themselves from the experience of severe and prolonged abuse may contribute to DID. |
| Anorexia Nervosa | An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweight. Characterized by an obsessive fear of becoming obese. |
| Bulimia Nervosa | An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), excessive exercise, or fasting. Characterized by episodes of overeating followed by vomiting. |
| Binge-Eating Disorder | Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa. Characterized by spurts of excessive overeating followed by remorse. |
| Personality Disorders | Inflexible and enduring socially maladaptive behaviour patterns that impair social functioning. The distinctive features used to identify the three clusters of personality disorders are: anxiety, eccentricity, and impulsivity. |
| Histrionic Personality Disorder | One cluster of personality disorders marked by dramatic or impulsive behaviours; display dramatic, attention-getting behaviours. |
| Avoidant Personality Disorder | One cluster of personality disorders marked by anxiety; display a fear of social rejection. |
| Schizoid Personality Disorder | One cluster of personality disorders marked by noticeably odd or eccentric behaviour; characterized by a detachment from social relationships. |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | A disorder characterized by a lack of guilt feelings and a lack of conscience. More common among men than among women. The symptoms are likely to appear at an earlier age than the symptoms of schizophrenia. |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder (Biological Perspective) | Low levels of adrenaline; low level of autonomic nervous system arousal; reduced brain activity in their frontal lobes. |
Created by:
satecAP