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CJ Chapter 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A person younger than the age of 18 | Juvenile |
| The juvenile justice system was created with the intentions of: | Prevention, protection, and redirection of youth to prosocial behavior |
| In 2014, juveniles accounted for ?% of all arrests | 9% |
| Behavior by a juvenile that is in violation of a state's juvenile or criminal codes | Juvenile Delinquency |
| The legal concept of Juvenile Delinquency in the US is ? years ole | 100 |
| ? is one of the foundations of the modern legal system | Biblical Law |
| English law exempted children younger than the age of 14 from criminal penalties on the assumption that they were not capable of ? | Criminal Intent (Mens Rea) |
| A group of 19th century reformers who believed that children were basically good, delinquency was the product of bad environments, and the state should remove children from such environments | Child Savers |
| The first correctional institution for children in the US which emphasized industry, education, and strict discipline | New York House of Refuge |
| ? believed that such children posed a threat to the general well-being of society but felt that social agencies should find ways to remove wayward children from the evil and corrupting environment of the cities rather than placing them in cold institution | Charles Loring Brace |
| The first juvenile court in the US was established where? | Cook County, Illinois (Chicago) |
| A principle based on English Common Law that viewed the state as the ultimate sovereign and guardian of children | Parens Patriae |
| A juvenile younger than age 18 who is determined to have violated a state's juvenile code | Delinquent |
| Acts prohibited to children that are not prohibited to adults (such as running away, truancy, and incorrigibility) | Status Offenses |
| Under this act, only youth guilty of criminal offenses (and not status offenders) could be committed to secure juvenile correctional facilities | The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 |
| Most jurisdictions call status offenders by one of several terms: | MINS, PINS, CHINS |
| In the ?, a # of states shifted the goals of sentencing away from treatment and toward community protection , thus holding juvenile offenders responsible for their crimes | 1980s |
| Juvenile Justice Systems deal with what 3 types of cases? | Delinquents, Status Offenders, Neglected/abused/dependent youth |
| True or False: there has always been tension between police and youth | True |
| Delinquency cases do not require probable case, only ? | Reasonable Suspicion |
| The procedure used when booking juveniles who have been arrested is the same as adults except: | Some states forbid fingerprinting/photographing of photographers |
| The initial screening process in the juvenile court to determine whether a case should be processed further | Intake |
| Similar to an indictment; written statement setting forth the specific charge that a delinquent act has been committed or that a child is dependent or neglected or needs supervision | Petition |
| The temporary custody and care of juveniles pending adjudication, disposition, or implementation of disposition | Detention |
| The primary goal of detention it to ensure: | The youth appears at the necessary court hearings |
| ? youth were more likely to be detained than any other race | Asian American |
| What is the usual time youth may be held in detention before a hearing? | 30 days |
| Supreme Court decision authorizing the preventive detention of juveniles who are identified as "serious risks" to the community if released | Schall v Martin |
| The early suspension or termination of the official processing of a juvenile in favor of an informal or unofficial alternative | Diversion |
| Good candidates for diversion programs are: | First time offenders, repeat status offenders, offenders already participating in community-based treatment programs |
| Stage in the juvenile justice system that parallels prosecution and trial in adult criminal courts | Adjudication |
| A hearing to determine whether a juvenile committed the offense of which he or she is accused | Adjudication Hearing |
| Case in which the Supreme Court held that juveniles could not be denied basic due process rights in juvenile hearings | In re Gault |
| Supreme Court decision that juveniles do not have a constitutional right to a jury trial in juvenile court | McKeiver v Pennsylvania |
| More than ?% of cases brought before the court are sustained | 60% |
| A hearing to determine the most appropriate placement of a juvenile adjudicated to be delinquent | Disposition Hearing |
| The juvenile corrections system involves two main components: | Probation and Institutional Placement |
| The release and subsequent community supervision of an individual from a correctional facility to ensure a more positive and effective transition back into the community | Aftercare |
| Equivalent to intensive parole supervision; used to provide greater supervision of youth after their release from official institutions | Intensive Aftercare Programs (IAP) |
| Programs designed to build positive relationships and support networks between youth and their families, teachers, and community agencies through coordination of services | Wraparound Programs |
| A legal process to transfer a juvenile from juvenile to criminal court | Waiver of Jurisdiction |
| Waivers are usually filed in what 2 types of cases? | Serious violent offenders and Chronic Offenders |
| Supreme Court decision requiring a formal waiver hearing before transfer of a juvenile to criminal court | Kent v United States |
| For every 1000 petitioned juvenile cases, about ? are waived to criminal court | 9 |
| Most common waiver procedure for transferring youth to criminal court, in which the judge is the primary decision maker | Judicial Waiver |
| Process established by statute that excludes certain juveniles, because of either age or offense, from juvenile court jurisdiction; charges are initially filed in criminal court | Statutory Exclusion |
| Process in which the prosecutor determines whether a charge against a juvenile should be filed in criminal or juvenile court | Prosecutorial Waiver |
| Process by which a juvenile may request to have his or her case transferred to criminal court | Demand Waiver |
| Process in which a juvenile contests a statutory exclusion or prosecutorial transfer | Reverse Waiver |
| Supreme Court decision that the criminal prosecution of a child following a juvenile court hearing constitutes double jeopardy | Breed v Jones |
| Decision not to prosecute | Nolle Prosequi |
| True or False: if the trial goes to court, a juvenile is more likely than adult to be convicted | True |
| Nearly ? juveniles are incarcerated in adult prisons | 1200 |
| Supreme Court decision that indicted sentencing a juvenile to life without parole was a violation of the 8th amendment | Miller v Alabama |
| Supreme Court decision that the death penalty for anyone younger than 18 at the time of his or her crime is unconstitutional | Roper v Simmons |
| Supreme Court decision that made the Miller v Alabama ruling retroactive | Montgomery v Louisiana |
Created by:
mmwalte1