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Immunology test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How are eosinophils involved in the immune response? | Against parasites that cannot be phagocytized |
| Which are components of both innate and adaptive immune responses? | Macrophages |
| List characteristics of natural killer cells. | They are a type of lymphocyte |
| Describe diapedesis. | Movement through the blood vessel walls as cells exit the circulation |
| The most effective phagocytic in antigen-presenting cell is | Dendritic |
| Which cells are considered part of natural immunity? | Eosinophils monocytes and neutrophils |
| White cell in the peripheral blood that migrates into tissue to become a macrophage is | Monocyte |
| White blood cell that is 16 to 18 μm in diameter, has a horseshoe-shaped nucleus, and is capable of phagocytosis is a | Monocyte |
| Antibodies are secreted by | Plasma cells |
| Characteristic of mucosal associated lymphoid tissue | It includes the tonsils and appendix |
| The function of NK cells is | To kill target cells |
| Characteristics of a lymph node. | Filters fluid draining from the tissues,colonized with T and B cells, and between 1 and 25 μm in size |
| What is considered part of natural immunity? | Eosinophils, acute-phase reactants, and neutrophils |
| Macrophages that migrate to the liver are called | Kupffer cells |
| Which type of cell has a diameter Between 10 and 15 μm, has a multi lobed nucleus, and usually comprises more than 50% of circulating leukocytes? | Neutrophils |
| T cells are mainly concentrated in which region of the lymph notes? | Paracortex |
| A primary site of antigen trapping and presentation to immune cells is | Spleen |
| T cells mature in | The thymus |
| B cells that are actively responding to anstigen can be found in | Germinal centers |
| Describe lymph nodes. | They are concentrated where appendages join the thorax of the body |
| Characteristic of opsonins. | Molecules that coat bacteria making them susceptible to phagocytosis |
| "Cluster of differentiation" refers to | A category of cell surface proteins used to identify cell types |
| An antigenic determinant is also called | Epitope |
| A 50-kDa protein from a bacterial cell that has numerous different epitopes would be called | An immunogen or antigen |
| The best immunogen is | Protein |
| A low molecular weight molecule that has one binding site for an antibody is | Hapten |
| To what kind of peptides do class II molecules bind? | Process exogenous |
| MHC molecules containing Beta 2 microglobulin is | Determined by MHCa MHCb and MHCc |
| The purpose of the invariant chain is to block the peptide binding site of | Class II MHC molecules |
| A processed antigen first encounters and binds to MHC class II molecules in the | Endosomal compartment |
| Endogenous peptides binding to MCH-A, MHC-B, or MHC-C molecules on the surface of hepatpcytes are critical for the response by | Cytotoxic T-cells |
| Which is likely to be the most immunogenic? | A protein with a molecular weight of 45000 D (dalton) |
| Antigens found in different species that trigger a Similar antibody response are called | Heterophile |
| The ability to respond to antigen depends on | Age, nutrition, and genetic predisposition |
| A bacterial antigen to which the human immune system responds would be classified as | Heteroantigen |
| Describes the finding of landsteiner's study of haptens | Spatial configuration is recognized by antibody |
| A determinant site on an antigen that is produced by the folding of the primary chain is known as | Conformational epitope |
| What causes a reaction to poison ivy? | A hapten and complexing with a tissue protein |
| A substance used to enhance antibody formation is | Adjuvant |
| MCH class I antigens are recognized by which cells | CD8 & T-cells |
| The antigen's the bind MHC class II antigens are first "processed" by | Enzymes in the endosome |
| Characteristics of heterophile antigens include | Found an unrelated plants or animals but cross react with the same antibody |
| MHC class I proteins is found on | All nucleated cells |
| T cells are capable of recognizing | Degraded peptides |
| List acute phase proteins | Serum amyloid a |
| What is directly used and oxidative killing of target cells? | Hydrogen peroxide |
| What do macrophages used to kill bacteria? | Peroxide, lysozyme, hydroxyl radical |
| Characteristic of circulating neutrophils? | Membranes express pathogen recognition receptors |
| The phagosome of a macrophage is a membrane bound vesicle that contains | Ingested pathogens |
| Oxidative killing involves | A hexose monophosphate shunt |
| What occurs during the oxidative burst? | Pseudopodia extending around a particle |
| What is part of the external defense system? | Skin |
| Which substance best inactivates bacterial proteins? | Hypochloride |
| Function of the acute phase protein haptoglobin. | Binds hemoglobin |
| The internal defense system includes | Acute phase reactants |
| Describe what occurs in process of phagocytosis | Formation of a phagosome, creation of hypochlorite radical, fusion of lysosome and phagosome |
| Considered acute phase reactants | Fibrinogen compliment & C-reactive protein |
| Natural killer cells recognize and kill abnormal who sells that | Are lacking expression of MHC class I |
| The killing mechanism of natural killer cells is regulated by | Both inhibitory and activating receptors |
| Toll-like bind to | Pathogen associated molecular patterns |
| Patients with chronic granulomatous disease have neutrophils that cannot kill bacteria because | They cannot produce superoxide |
| Name enzyme that protects host cells rather than destroying invading cells. | Alpha 1 antitrypsin |
| Toll-like receptors & C-type lectin receptors are examples of: | Pathogen recognition receptors |
| After a macrophage phagocytosis, Kills, and Digests a microbe | Some microbial Peptides are bound by MHC class II |
| C-reactive protein, complement components, and antibodies are | Opsonins |
| Proteins that form channels in target cell membranes are called | Proforins |
| Oxygen independent bacterial killing and the phagolysosome involves | pH activated defensins |
| A cell that can recall previous contact with a particular antigen so that subsequent exposure leads to a more rapid and more effective immune response than the 1st encounter in which type of cell? | Memory lymphocyte |
| Immunoglobulin gene rearrangements occur in which stage of B cell development | Pro B cell |
| Antigen independent differentiation of B cells occurs in | Bone marrow |
| Predominant cell types involved in the human immune response | B cells |
| The only cells in the body capable of specifically recognizing and distinguishing different antigen determinants are | Lymphocytes |
| T helper cells recognize | Exogenous peptide bond to class II MHC |
| Similarities between cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells | Both induce apoptosis in target cells |
| T cell surface protein associated with the T cell receptor and involved in signal transduction is | CD3 |
| Cytotoxic T cells are the primarily immune response against | Viruses |
| The purpose or end result of negative selection of the T cell is | Self tolerance |
| A T cell that is rarely found in secondary lymphoid organs and recognizes a limited number of native epitopes is known as | A gamma Delta T cell |
| T cells differ from B cells in what way? | B cells express CD19 but not CD3 |
| Which marker would be found on pre B cells? | Mų heavy chains |
| A plasma cell differs from A B cell in what way? | Only plasma cells secrete circulating antibodies |
| The function of CD4+ T cells is | To Help B cells make antibodies |
| Cells responsible for killing virally infected host cells and tumor cells. | CD8 T-cells |
| Helper T cells that promote a humoral immunity response include | Th2 |
| Region of the immunoglobulin molecule that can bind antigen | FAB |
| Immunoglobulin that appears first in the primary response. | IgM |
| Characteristics of IgG | It provides immunity for the newborn |
| Immunoglobulin that appears in the highest tired in the secondary response is | IgG |
| The antigen specificity of a B cell is determined | By H&L variable region sequences |
| Immunoglobulin that is found in only trace amounts in the serum. | IgD |
| Variations in immunoglobulin structure that occur because of the use of different constant region domains are known as: | Hypervariable region |
| IgD is produced by | Differential splicing of the DNA transcript |
| Immunoglobulins are grouped into classes on the basis of similarities in | Heavy chains |
| Bence-Jones protein are identical to | Light chains |
| Class that makes up 70% to 80% of total serum immunoglobulins | IgG |
| Immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgD represent | Isotypes |
| A FAB fragment consists of | One light chain and half of a heavy chain |
| Immunoglobulin thatt causes allergic reactions as a result of release of histamine from mast cells | IgE |
| Which protein group migrates the fastest in serum electrophoresis conducted at pH 8.6? | Albumin |
| The antibody found on B cells that is thought to be involved in be so maturation is | IgD |
| Which band contains the Immunoglobulin in serum protein electrophoresis? | Gamma |
| Which antibody is found mainly as a diner in mucosal secretions? | IgA |
| IgG subclasses differ from one another in | The number and position of disulfide bonds |
| IL-2 is synthesized by | T-cells |
| The primary function of colony-stimulating factors (CSF) is to promote | Hematopoiesis |
| Cytokine that is involved in natural immunity is | IL-6 |
| Erythrpoietin regulates | Bone marrow cell differentiation |
Created by:
Mzapril352